Total feed intake (TFI) of broilers
feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers
| Livestock Research for Rural Development 37 (3) 2025 | LRRD Search | LRRD Misssion | Guide for preparation of papers | LRRD Newsletter | Citation of this paper |
The study evaluated the effects of dietary replacement of soybean seed meal with graded levels of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meal (PPSM) on the growth performance and carcass traits of Cobb 500 broiler chicks at Dilla University, Southern Ethiopia. 180 unsexed Cobb500 day-old chicks were randomly assigned to five treatment diets with three replications in a completely randomized design. The experimental diets were formulated to replace 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of soybean seed meal, with PPSM. The average feed intake in the finisher phase was highest in 0%PPSM (105.4 ±9.1 g/d/bird). The highest daily body weight gain (35.14±1.6g/d/bird) and final body weight gain (738.0 ±34g/bird) for the starter phase were recorded for 100% PPSM. The feed conversion ratio (1.73±0.30(g feed/g gain)) was highest in 0%PPSM. The highest total edible offal (125.5±16g) was recorded in 0%PPSM and the lowest was shown in 100% PPSM (101.8±12.5g). The carcass cut parts (wing 69.0±16.8g), back (134.8±34.4g), thigh (202±79.4g), drumstick (175.0 ±58.5g) and breast (471.3±140g) showed the highest value in 50% PPSM. Thus, it was concluded that replacing soybean seed meal with PPSM is nutritionally adequate without adverse effects on the performance of Cobb500 broiler chicks.
Keywords: Cobb500 broiler chicks, growth performance, pigeon pea seed meal, soya bean seed meal
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) is commonly grown and consumed in both tropical and subtropical regions. It is an important grain legume used as human food (Arif et al 2017). The main products of pigeon pea include green pods, grain and fodder. The crop is a cheap, protein-rich food and fodder source for smallholder farmers. Moreover, it is a nitrogen-fixing plant for multipurpose use as a source of animal feed, firewood and fodder. It is well adapted to poor soils and tolerates drought compared to other tropical legumes (Gemede and Ratta, 2014).
However, pigeon pea has anti-nutritional factors like saponin, trypsin inhibitors and haemagglutinin. These affect feed intake, efficiency and nutritional value. But it can be minimized through processing, such as fermentation, boiling, grinding, soaking and cooking (Gemede and Ratta, 2014).
Broiler farming is increasing rapidly in Ethiopia because it takes a short time and has quick returns for the producers. However, poultry producers face difficulties with the unavailability and high prices of conventional feed ingredients. Soybean meal and groundnut cake remain major protein sources in concentrate feeds (Ani and Okeke 2011). This has led to an increase in the prices of these feed ingredients and livestock feed costs. There is a need, therefore, to search for alternative foodstuffs which are cheaply and locally available. The incorporation of some unconventional feed ingredients in the formulation of a balanced diet may overcome the problems mentioned earlier and this may also minimize feed costs. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of dietary replacement of graded levels of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meal for a soybean seed meal on the performance of Cobb 500 broiler chicks.
The study was conducted at the Dilla University poultry farm in Ethiopia. A total of 180-day-old Cobb 500 chicks were used for this study. The chicks were equally distributed with initial BW (mean ± SD) of 85.77±1.43g to respective experimental pens and diets. Adequate ventilation and space were provided to make the chicks comfortable. There were continuous supplies of drinking water. The feeding and water troughs were cleaned daily.
The proportion of the ingredients and replacement levels of PPSM for starter and finisher diets is presented in Table 1. To minimize the antinutritional effect, soybean and pigeon pea seeds were roasted before inclusion in the diet as described by Onimavolom and Akpoyevwo (2006) and Ani and Okeke (2011). Then, feed ingredients were crushed using a hammer mill and used to formulate the experimental diets.
|
Table 1. Proportion of the ingredients and replacement levels of pigeon pea for starter and finisher diets |
||||||||||||||
|
Ingredients, % |
Starter diets |
Finisher diets |
||||||||||||
|
Level PPSM, % |
Level PPSM, % |
|||||||||||||
|
0 |
25 |
50 |
75 |
100 |
0 |
25 |
50 |
75 |
100 |
|||||
|
Maize |
32.7 |
30.7 |
31.7 |
31.0 |
29.7 |
53.0 |
53.0 |
53.0 |
52.5 |
52.7 |
||||
|
Wheat Bran |
10.0 |
10.0 |
9.5 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
4.00 |
4.00 |
3.00 |
3.00 |
2.00 |
||||
|
Roasted SBSM |
30.0 |
22.5 |
15.0 |
7.50 |
0.00 |
24.0 |
18.0 |
12.0 |
6.00 |
0.00 |
||||
|
Roasted PPSM |
0.00 |
7.50 |
15.0 |
22.5 |
30.0 |
0.00 |
6.00 |
12.0 |
18.0 |
24.0 |
||||
|
Meat and Bone meal |
5.00 |
7.00 |
6.50 |
7.00 |
7.00 |
3.77 |
3.77 |
6.00 |
7.00 |
7.50 |
||||
|
Nuge seed cake |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
4.00 |
9.00 |
9.00 |
9.50 |
9.00 |
||||
|
Wheat Middling |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
9.77 |
11.0 |
9.00 |
4.00 |
2.77 |
1.77 |
2.57 |
||||
|
Salt |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
||||
|
Limestone |
1.09 |
1.09 |
1.09 |
1.09 |
1.09 |
1.09 |
1.09 |
1.09 |
1.09 |
1.09 |
||||
|
vitamin mineral premix |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
||||
|
DL-lysine |
0.07 |
0.07 |
0.07 |
0.07 |
0.07 |
0.07 |
0.07 |
0.07 |
0.07 |
0.07 |
||||
|
DL-Methionine |
0.07 |
0.07 |
0.07 |
0.07 |
0.07 |
0.07 |
0.07 |
0.07 |
0.07 |
0.07 |
||||
|
Total |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
||||
|
PPSM: pigeon pea seed meal, SBSM: soya bean seed meal; 0: PPSM 0%; 25: PPSM 25%; 50: PPSM 50%; 75: PPSM 75%; 100: PPSM 100%. |
||||||||||||||
The study involved five different treatment ratios with three replications. The rations contained PPSM at replacement rates of 0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% for soya bean seed meal. Twelve chicks were randomly assigned to each of the three replicates of the five treatment diets.
Representative samples were subjected to dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF) and ether extract (EE) analysis following the method AOAC (1990). Nitrogen content was determined using the Kjeldahl procedure and CP was calculated by multiplying the nitrogen content (N) by 6.25. The metabolizable energy (ME) value was determined indirectly following the method given by Wiseman (1987) as follows:
ME (Kcal/kg DM) = 3951 + 54.4 EE – 88.7 CF – 40.8 Ash.
The calcium and phosphorus content were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. All chemical analyses were carried out in duplicates.
|
Table 2. Chemical composition and calculated metabolizable energy values of the experimental diets used in the starter and finisher ration (%DM) |
|||||||||||
|
Level PPSM, % |
Chemical composition |
||||||||||
|
DM(%) |
CP |
EE |
CF |
Ash |
NFE |
Ca |
P |
ME (Kcal) |
|||
|
Starter diets |
0 |
89.9 |
22.0 |
7.0 |
11.3 |
12.3 |
37.3 |
1.10 |
0.86 |
2826 |
|
|
25 |
89.9 |
22.3 |
5.5 |
10.4 |
11.3 |
40.4 |
1.30 |
0.96 |
2866 |
||
|
50 |
90.0 |
21.5 |
7.0 |
10.8 |
12.4 |
38.3 |
1.23 |
0.92 |
2864 |
||
|
75 |
89.0 |
21.9 |
5.0 |
11.0 |
9.83 |
41.3 |
1.27 |
0.95 |
2845 |
||
|
100 |
89.7 |
21.7 |
6.0 |
9.98 |
12.3 |
39.7 |
1.47 |
1.05 |
2889 |
||
|
Finisher diets |
0 |
90.9 |
19.4 |
6.49 |
7.30 |
9.90 |
47.8 |
0.94 |
0.70 |
3252 |
|
|
25 |
89.8 |
19.5 |
6.50 |
8.10 |
9.60 |
46.2 |
0.93 |
0.68 |
3194 |
||
|
50 |
90.8 |
19.5 |
6.20 |
8.03 |
8.90 |
48.2 |
1.15 |
0.76 |
3212 |
||
|
75 |
89.9 |
19.3 |
6.70 |
7.55 |
10.1 |
46.3 |
1.25 |
0.80 |
3233 |
||
|
100 |
90.2 |
19.2 |
6.63 |
6.96 |
10.3 |
47.1 |
1.23 |
0.80 |
3274 |
||
|
DM = dry matter; CP = crude protein; EE = crude fat;
CF = crude fiber; NFE = nitrogen-free extract; Ca =
calcium; P = phosphorus; |
|||||||||||
The following parameters were recorded during the experiment. Feed intake was determined considering the feed offered and refused for each treatment daily. Total daily feed intake was calculated by subtracting the amount of refused feed from the amount of offered feed. The average weight gain of the birds in each replicate was calculated by subtracting the initial weight from the final weight. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was described as the amount of feed consumed per unit of weight gain.
At the end of the experimental period (week 7), two chicks (male and female) p were randomly selected from each pen, marked and separated from the pen. They were then fasted for 12 hours and weighed just before slaughter. After slaughter, the birds were plucked by hand, the feathers were weighed and all inedible parts (viscera, head, drumstick) were removed and weighed separately. Using a digital scale, the weights of individual parts and organs were measured and recorded. The marketed carcass weight was calculated by adding the weights of two drumsticks, one thigh, one back, two wings and one breast. To reduce variability in the cutting procedure, all cuttings were performed by a single person.
Data were analyzed using the GLM ANOVA procedure of Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2008) version 9.1.3 computer software program. Significant differences among the treatment means were determined using the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) (Duncan 1955). Differences between treatment groups were considered statistically significant at p<0.05.
The chemical composition and calculated metabolizable energy values of the experimental diets are presented in Table 2. Accordingly, the formulated feed included a protein level between 21.7- 22.3 % CP and energy levels between 2826.834 - 2889.518 ME Kcal/kg for the starter phase. In the finisher feed the experimental diets contained a protein level between 19.21-19.52 % CP and energy levels between 3194.45- 3274.08 ME kcal/kg for the finisher phase. The five experimental diets were found to be nearest to the recommended levels for broiler chicks ( NRC 1994).
The chemical composition of roasted pigeon pea in the current study was found to be CP = 20.77, CF = 5.614 and DM = 89.069. Pigeon pea seeds demonstrated a lower DM% (89.067) than Arif et al (2017). The present study found that roasted pigeon pea seed had lower percentages of CP (20.77), CF (5.614), Ash (4.416) and DM (89.069) and greater percentages of EE and NFE when compared to the results of Onu and Okongwu (2006).
|
Table 3. Proximate chemical composition of experimental ingredients (%DM) |
|||||||||||
|
Ingredients |
Chemical composition |
||||||||||
|
DM(%) |
CP |
EE |
CF |
ASH |
NFE |
Ca |
P |
ME (Kcal Kg-1) |
|||
|
Maize |
87.4 |
7.46 |
4.07 |
3.21 |
1.51 |
71.7 |
0.40 |
0.30 |
3826 |
||
|
RSBSM |
95.9 |
34.2 |
20.0 |
9.90 |
5.28 |
73.5 |
0.32 |
0.70 |
3947 |
||
|
RPPSM |
89.1 |
20.7 |
2.13 |
5.61 |
4.41 |
43.8 |
0.13 |
0.46 |
3389 |
||
|
Nuge seed cake |
85.7 |
31.5 |
8.03 |
22.3 |
5.49 |
81.5 |
0.26 |
0.65 |
2187 |
||
|
RSB: Roasted Soya Bean.; RPP: Roasted pigeon pea;
NFE (Nitrogen free extract) = 100-(Moisture + CP + EE +
CF + Ash); DM=Dry Matter; CP=Crude Protein; CF=Crude
Fiber; EE=Ether Extract; Ca=Calcium; P = phosphorus; |
|||||||||||
The present investigation revealed that there was considerably lower than the findings of Onu and Okongwu (2006). However, the (4.416) of the roasted PP was close to that reported by (Akande et al 2010; Arif et al 2017). EE (2.133) was found to be within the range reported by different authors (Akande et al 2010; Bamidele and Akanbi 2015; Arif et al 2017). But it was higher than the value published by (Onu and Okongwu 2006). The NFE (43.87) value of pigeon pea was lower than that reported by Onu and Okongwu 2006; Akande et al 2010; Arif et al 2017).
The result of the current study showed that the % CP (20.77) of roasted PP was lower than the finding of Gemede and Ratta (2014). But it is found in the range studied by (Akande et al 2010; Emefiene et al 2014; Aja et al 2015; Arif et al 2017). The variations in CP content could be due to factors such as soil, season of harvest and agroecology. The level of crude fiber in poultry feed must be kept below 7%. A crude fiber level above 7% hurts the production performance of chicken (Varastegani and Dahlan 2014).
The current study (Table 3) showed that the % NFE for soya bean and pigeon pea was 73.46 and 43.87 respectively and the value of %NFE op Pigeon pea (43.87) was lower than the study 60.85, 61.2 and 55.8-58.7 shown by (Akande et al 2010; Arif et al 2017). The level of crude fiber in poultry feed must be kept below 7%. A crude fiber level above 7% has a negative effect on the production performance of chicken (Varastegani and Dahlan 2014).
The CP value of maize (7.46%) obtained in this study is within the range (4.5-9.7%) reported by Adugna (2008). Maize has 87.44% DM, 8.9% CP, 1.6% CF, 1.8% Ash, 4.07% EE, 0.05% Ca and 0.33% P, as well as 4024.2% kcal/kg, which is comparable with Wubu's (2011) finding of 86.4% DM, 7.6% CP, 3.1% CF, 1.51% Ash, 5.4% EE, 0.05% Ca and 0.33% P and 3826% kcal/kg.
In the current investigation, the breakdown energy value for each of the treatment diets ranged from 2826.834 to 2889.518 kcal ME/kg DM for starters and from 3194.45 to 3274.08 kcal ME/kg DM for finisher diets, but it was lower than the recommended energy level of 3000 kcal ME/kg for a 1- 21 day old chick and consistent with 3,200 kcal ME/kg for 22-42 days for broilers by NRC (1994) . However, the metabolized energy content of the treatment meals was comparable to the suggested range of 2800-3000 kcal/kg for optimal broiler performance.
Feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of broilers fed with starter and finisher diets are presented in Table 4. The initial body weight (IBW) of chicks was not different (p>0.05) across all treatments. Daily body weight gain (DBWG) and final body weight gain (FBWG) for the starter phase showed differences (p<0.05) between treatments, where the highest DBWG and FBWG were recorded for 100% PPSM among all the treatments. But in the finisher phase, daily body weight gain (DBWG) and final body weight gain (FBWG) were similar (P>0.05) across treatment diets. In both phases of the experiment, total feed intake (TFI) was similar (p>0.05) across treatments. There was no difference (p>0.05) in average feed intake (AFI) in the starter phase, but it showed a difference (p<0.05) in the finisher phase, where AFI was higher in the control group.
According to the findings of the present study, there were differences (p<0.05) in the feed conversion ratio among different experimental groups at the starter phase. Accordingly, FCR was lower in birds fed on 100% PPSM than in the rest of the treatments. FCR showed a decreasing trend as the inclusion rate of PPSM increased. However, there were no differences in FCR among treatment groups at the finisher stage (Table 4).
In the present study, the average and total feed intake of chicks did not show differences (p>0.05) in all treatments in the starter phases. The result obtained in the present study showed an improvement over the observation of Ani and Okeke (2011) that broiler starters fed 27% roasted PSM had (p<0.05) lower feed intake than birds fed 5.5-21.5% roasted PSM diets. The average daily feed intake showed a difference between treatments in the finisher phase and it increased as the age of the chicks increased. The feed intake of the starter and finisher phase treatments did not differ (p>0.05) in the current study. The outcome of the current study is supported by the findings of Igene et al (2012). The current study found that the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and daily weight gain (DWG) varied (p<0.05) between treatments. The current result is consistent with the report of Ani and Okeke (2011).
|
Table 4. Final body weight, daily body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of broilers fed with starter and finisher diets |
||||||||
|
Phase |
Parameters |
Replacement levels of pigeon pea for soya bean, % |
p-value |
|||||
|
0 |
25 |
50 |
75 |
100 |
||||
|
Starter |
IBW (gm./bird) |
86.3 |
84.3 |
87.0 |
85.6 |
85.4 |
0.07 |
|
|
FBW (gm./bird) |
626c |
678b |
667bc |
703ab |
738a |
0.001 |
||
|
DBWG(gm./bird) |
29.8c |
32.3b |
31.8bc |
33.5ab |
35.1a |
0.001 |
||
|
AFI (g/bird/day) |
51.7 |
41.9 |
42.2 |
43.0 |
44.6 |
0.107 |
||
|
TFI (kg/21 days) |
13.0 |
10.5 |
10.7 |
10.8 |
11.2 |
0.11 |
||
|
FCR (g feed/g gain) |
1.7a |
1.3b |
1.3b |
1.9b |
1.3b |
0.0238 |
||
|
Finisher |
IBWG (gm./bird) |
626c |
678b |
667bc |
703ab |
738a |
0.001 |
|
|
FBW (kg./bird) |
1.86 |
1.86 |
1.87 |
1.81 |
1.88 |
0.77 |
||
|
DBWG(gm./bird) |
65.2 |
64.1 |
63.9 |
62.3 |
64.9 |
0.77 |
||
|
AFI (g/bird/day) |
105a |
96.4b |
96.9ab |
96.8ab |
99.8ab |
0.015 |
||
|
TFI (kg/28 days) |
35.4 |
32.4 |
32.5 |
33.5 |
32.5 |
0.15 |
||
|
FCR(g feed/g gain) |
1.61 |
1.50 |
1.51 |
1.55 |
1.54 |
0.771 |
||
|
Entire |
TFI (g/bird/7weeks) |
4040 |
3581 |
3577 |
3615 |
3731 |
0.13 |
|
|
TBWG (g/7weeks) |
1774 |
1778 |
1789 |
1730 |
1797 |
0.88 |
||
|
FCR (g feed/g gain) |
2.27 |
2.01 |
1.99 |
2.09 |
2.08 |
0.3327 |
||
|
a-cMeans within a row with different superscripts statistically differ (p<0.05); IBWG: initial body weight gain; FBWG: final body weight gain; AFI: average feed intake; TFI: total feed intake; FCR: feed conversion ratio; TBWG: total body weight gain; 0: PPSM 0%; 25: PPSM 25%; 50: PPSM 50%; 75: PPSM 75%; 100: PPSM 100%. |
||||||||
| |
| Figure 1. Effect of feeding graded
level of PPSM on Total feed intake (TFI) of broilers |
Figure 2. Effect of feeding graded
level of PPSM on feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers |
Feed intake and weight gain were increased with the replacement of PP as compared to the control diet (Figure 1). It was in line with the findings of Ani and Okeke (2011). The results of the current study show that weight gain was increased with increased levels of roasted PPSM replacement in the diet. This finding is not consistent with that of Amaefule and Onwudike (2003) and Amaefule and Nwaokoro (2002), who reported that the pigeon pea-based diet became less palatable as the level of inclusion increased beyond 26% of roasted 0%PPSM. During the 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks of age (starter phase), variations (p<0.05) in body weight gain were found in all dietary treatment groups. The result did not agree with the finding of Tusar et al (2015) who showed no differences (p>0.05) in the body weight gain of the broiler. In contrast, the daily as well as final body weights of broilers did not show differences (p>0.05) with the increase in the age of broilers (finisher phase). The study showed that body weight gain was increased with the increase in the replacement level of PPSM (from 0% to 100%), with a higher trend in the starter phase and lower trends in the finisher phase of the experiment. The chicks fed on 100% PPSM showed a higher daily body weight gain (35.14±1.6g) as compared to those broilers fed on PPSM 0% (29.80 ±0.83g) in the first phase of the study period (21 days). However, it gradually declined as the age of broilers increased in the next 28 days (finisher phase). The current study showed that the daily body weight gain (DBWG) of the birds in the finisher phase was higher (63.90±0.7gm/day/bird to 65.25±1.49 gm/day/bird) as compared to the findings of Igene et al (2012), which ranged from 50.97-53.69gm/day/bird. The weight gain obtained from the current experiment is higher than the value reported by Lidetewold et al (2016) in Cobb 500 broiler chickens fed Azolla (36.6 – 38.2 g/day/bird).
Throughout the experimental period, a higher value of FCR was recorded on the control diet (PPSM 0%); in the starter phase (1.61±0.15), in the finisher phase (1.73±0.3) and the entire phase (2.27 ±0.2) than in other treatments (Figure 2). The results contradicted the findings of Igene et al (2012), who reported that the FCR value was lower in the control group than in other dietary groups. The result agreed with the findings ofTusar et al (2015), who stated that the FCR value was higher (p<0.01) in the control and it was lowest in the 10% pigeon pea. However, it was different (p<0.05) in the starter phase of the experiment and had no differences (p>0.05) in the finisher phase. The result showed that there was no difference (p>0.05) in FCR in the finisher phase. However, it contrasted with the finding of Igene et al (2012), who showed that there was a difference (p<0.05) in FCR in the finisher phase. The FCR obtained in this experiment ranged from 1.61±0.15 (control diet) to 1.54 ±0.15 (for the control diet over the 49-day feeding trial.
The carcass measurements of Cobb500 broilers fed on experimental ration are presented in Table 5. The findings of the present study showed that there were no differences (p>0.05) in the slaughter weight, carcass weight and individual main carcass cuts. However, a difference was shown (p<0.05) in abdominal fat deposition between treatment diets and it had a decreasing trend when the level of pigeon PPSM increased in test diets. There were differences (p<0.05) in Total Edible Offal (TEO) and Total Non-Edible Offal (TNEO) among treatment diets, where higher TEO was recorded in 0%PPSM and lower was shown in 100% PPSM. Also, the highest TNEO was recorded in 100% PPSM. Even though there was no difference (p>0.05) between treatment diets in the dressing percentage of the carcass, the study showed that higher and lower dressing percentage was observed at 75%PPSM and 100% PPSM, respectively.
|
Table 5. Carcass characteristics of cobb500 broiler chicks fed with different levels of PPSM. |
||||||||
|
Carcass parameters |
Level PPSM, % |
p -value |
||||||
|
0 |
25 |
50 |
75 |
100 |
||||
|
Slaughter wt. (kg) |
1.81 |
1.82 |
1.78 |
1.73 |
1.77 |
0.888 |
||
|
Carcass weight (kg) |
1.28 |
1.31 |
1.28 |
1.31 |
1.21 |
0.911 |
||
|
Dressing % |
70.8 |
72.1 |
71.8 |
74.9 |
68.1 |
0.648 |
||
|
Carcass parts (gm.) |
||||||||
|
Skin |
114 |
113 |
106 |
103 |
92.3 |
0.518 |
||
|
Neck |
57 |
59 |
57 |
54 |
55 |
0.949 |
||
|
Wing |
65.5 |
65.0 |
64.8 |
64.5 |
0.933 |
|||
|
Back |
138 |
155 |
131 |
124 |
0.273 |
|||
|
BREAST |
431 |
438 |
448 |
432 |
0.876 |
|||
|
Drumstick |
165 |
163 |
164 |
158 |
0.945 |
|||
|
Thigh |
185 |
194 |
190 |
181 |
0.922 |
|||
|
Edible offal (gm.) |
||||||||
|
Gizzard |
39.1 |
39.8 |
40.0 |
41.6 |
40.8 |
0.961 |
||
|
Liver |
45.6 |
42.6 |
45.0 |
43.8 |
40.0 |
0.468 |
||
|
Fat |
40.6a |
40.0a |
32.1ab |
22.0b |
21.0b |
0.026 |
||
|
Other parts |
||||||||
|
TEO (gm.) |
125a |
122ab |
117ab |
107ab |
101b |
0.014 |
||
|
TNEO (gm.) |
497ab |
442b |
471ab |
451b |
549a |
0.026 |
||
| a-cMeans within a row with different superscripts statistically different (p<0.05); TEO= Total Edible Offal; TNEO=Total Non-Edible Offal; PPSM: pigeon pea seed meal, 0: PPSM 0%; 25: PPSM 25%; 50: PPSM 50%; 75: PPSM 75%; 100: PPSM 100%. | ||||||||
On the other side, most of the carcass cut parts (wing, back, thigh, drumstick and breast) were shown, numerically higher than other treatment diets on 50% PPSM than other treatment diets. Carcass evaluation in broiler chickens is a critical component of poultry production and marketing. The current study found differences (p<0.05) in abdominal fat levels across all treatment groups, with 100% PPSM showing lower levels than other groups. High body fat deposition in broilers results in an economic loss for farmers. The broiler chicken's genotype, sex, age and nutrition all influence belly fat. The dressing percentage in the current study varied from 68% to 74.9%, which is consistent with the findings of Maigualema and Gernat (2003), who found a 70% dressing percentage for broiler chickens.
· The partial replacement of soya bean seed meal with pigeon pea seed meal minimizes feed consumption, decreases feed conversion ratio, improves body weight gain and most common carcass parameters such as thigh, back, breast, wing and drumstick weight.
The authors would like to acknowledge Addis Ababa University College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, as well as Dilla University, for funding this study and for logistics support.
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