| Livestock Research for Rural Development 36 (6) 2024 | LRRD Search | LRRD Misssion | Guide for preparation of papers | LRRD Newsletter | Citation of this paper |
This study aims to determine the phytochemical content of local orange peel from West Sumatra and how its administration as a feed additive affects the performance of broiler chickens. The experimental animals used were 100 2-day-old broilers without separating males and females. This study used a completely randomized design with five treatments and four repetitions, each treatment filled with five broilers. The treatment was the amount of orange peel infusion given in drinking water: P1 (without orange peel infusion), P2 (5 ml/L orange peel infusion), P3 (10 ml/L orange peel infusion), P4 (20 ml/L orange peel infusion) and P5 (30 ml/L orange peel infusion). The results of the study showed that the provision of orange peel infusion of 30 ml/L as a feed additive in broiler drinking water was the best treatment with an average water intake 91.43 ml/day, feed intake 59.32 g/day, body weight gain 30.50 g/day, final body weight 1110.14 g and feed conversion ratio 1.85.
Key words: orange peel, infusion, feed additive, broiler performance
In Indonesia, Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGP) have been banned from use in poultry feed. The ban on the use of AGP has a very significant impact on feed costs. Feed costs are increasing, around 70% of the total production costs. The purpose of using AGP in feed is as a feed additive to improve poultry performance. Efforts that can be made to overcome the problem of using AGP are by utilizing natural ingredients such as fruit skins. Lim et al (2006) stated that fruit skins also contain beneficial compounds that are much higher than fruit flesh. Goulas and Manganaris (2012) also reported the same thing that natural bioactive compounds in fruits such as carotenoids, phenolic acids and saponins are found in fruit skins with higher concentrations.
One of the fruit skins that has the potential to be used as a feed additive is orange peel. Orange peel contains bioactive compounds such as tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids and saponins (Gotmare and Gade 2018; Abdelazem et al 2021), antioxidants and antimicrobials (Shehata et al 2021). The use of orange peel as a feed additive in the form of flour in broiler feed has a negative effect on performance, as reported by (Ani et al 2015; Alefzadeh et al 2016).
The right method to use orange peel as a feed additive is by extracting it. The use of orange peel extract has a more positive effect on broiler performance. Ebrahimi et al (2015) stated that supplementation of orange peel extract (Citrus sinensis) can increase the productivity of broiler chickens.
The application of a more applicable method in orange peel extraction is needed so that it is easy to apply by farmers. A very simple extraction method is infundation. Infundation is a filtration method by filtering the simplicia in water at a temperature of 90 oC for 15 minutes (Sariyem et al 2015). The result of the extraction process with infusion is called infusion (liquid preparation). West Sumatra itself is one of the provinces in Indonesia as a producer of citrus fruit. The type of local orange that is famous in West Sumatra is the Gunung Omeh orange (Citrus nobilis Lour.). Information about the use of Gunung Omeh orange peel as a feed additive for poultry has not been found. Based on this description, a study was conducted to determine the potential of local orange peel from West Sumatra as a feed additive to replace the use of AGP.
This study used 100 two-day-old broiler chickens. The feed was prepared according to the nutrient requirements of broiler chickens (SNI 2006). The composition and nutrition of the feed are presented in Table 1.
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Table 1. Composition and nutrition of feed |
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|
Feed Ingredients |
Starter |
Grower |
Finisher |
|
|
Corn |
55 |
58 |
55 |
|
|
Soybean meal |
5 |
6.5 |
9 |
|
|
Rice bran |
28 |
23 |
22 |
|
|
Fish Meal |
10 |
9 |
8.5 |
|
|
Palm Oil |
1.5 |
3 |
5 |
|
|
Top mix |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
|
|
Total |
100 |
100 |
100 |
|
|
Nutritional Content |
||||
|
Crude Protein (%) |
22.28 |
20.08 |
19.41 |
|
|
Crude Fat (%) |
4.47 |
4.44 |
4.53 |
|
|
Crude Fiber (%) |
3.75 |
5.24 |
7.24 |
|
|
Calcium (%) |
1.00 |
0.94 |
0.91 |
|
|
Phosphorus (%) |
0.54 |
0.51 |
0.49 |
|
|
Metabolism Energy (kcal/kg) |
2908.80 |
3022.88 |
3100.38 |
|
Orange peel is extracted by infusion according to Sariyem et al (2015): 100 grams of orange peel powder is weighed, 1 liter of water is added to the pan and heated to a temperature of 900C, after the temperature reaches 900C, then the orange peel powder is added, heated for 15 minutes and stirred occasionally, after 15 minutes the pan is lowered and cooled to room temperature, then filter the heated simplicia using filter paper or flannel cloth. The final result of the filtering is orange peel infusion.
The experimental design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) of five treatments with four repetitions. Treatments were doses of Gunung Omeh orange peel infusion (Citrus nobilis Lour.) in drinking water: P1 (without orange peel infusion), P2 (5 ml/L orange peel infusion), P3 (10 ml/L orange peel infusion), P4 (20 ml/L orange peel infusion) and P5 (30 ml/L orange peel infusion).
Phytochemical analysis of orange peel includes antioxidants, total phenols and tannins.
Observations of broiler performance include water intake, feed intake, body weight gain, final body weight and feed conversion ratio.
The data obtained were processed statistically with a completely randomized design (CRD) analysis of diversity. If there was a difference between treatments, a further Duncan's Multiple Range Test was carried out (Steel and Torrie 1995).
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Table 2. Phytochemical content of orange peel infusion |
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|
Phytochemicals |
Results |
|
|
Antioxidants |
30.59% |
|
|
Total phenols |
1952 mgGAE/g |
|
|
Tannins |
0.86% |
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The orange peel infusion used in this study contained 30.59% antioxidants, 1952 mgGAE/g phenols and 0.86% tannins. These results are in accordance with those reported by Hegazy and Ibrahium (2012) that orange peel extract contains antioxidants. Orange peel extract also contains tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids and saponins (Gotmare and Gade 2018; Abdelazem et al 2021). Orange peel extract contains antioxidants (Shehata et al 2021). The use of natural antioxidants as feed additives in poultry can increase growth efficiency (Pashtetsky et al 2019). Tannins from natural ingredients can be used as feed additives to replace the role of AGP (Choi and Kim 2020).
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Table 3. Performance of broiler chicks |
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|
Items |
Treatments |
SEM |
p value |
|||||
|
0 |
5 ml/L |
10 ml/L |
20 ml/L |
30 ml/L |
||||
|
WI |
93.68 |
89.87 |
95.70 |
89.52 |
91.43 |
2.18 |
0.50 |
|
|
FI |
61.39 |
60.60 |
60.64 |
60.71 |
59.32 |
0.80 |
0.27 |
|
|
BWG |
24.17c |
24.31c |
25.64c |
28.22b |
30.50a |
0.47 |
0.00 |
|
|
FCR |
2.42a |
2.38 a |
2.26b |
2.05c |
1.85d |
0.03 |
0.00 |
|
|
FBW |
889.50c |
893.42c |
941.25c |
1031.75b |
1110.14a |
16.49 |
0.00 |
|
|
Note : abcd Means on the same row with different superscripts are significantly varied (p<0.05) |
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Water intake (WI) was not significant, because the orange peel infusion did not affect the quality of broiler drinking water. Phytochemical compounds contained in drinking water did not have a negative effect on broiler drinking water. Feed intake (FI) was not significant in this study because the phytochemical compounds contained in orange peel infusion did not affect palatability. The dry matter intake (DMI) of broiler chickens in this study can be seen in Figure 1.
|
|
| Figure 1. Dry matter intake of broiler chickens |
The provision of orange peel infusion in this study had a very significant effect on body weight gain (BWG). Increased BWG due to orange peel infusion given in broiler drinking water contains phytochemical compounds that act as antimicrobials such as phenols and tannins. Antimicrobials play a role in optimizing nutrient absorption in the poultry body so that weight gain increases (Adil et al 2010 ; Muthaiyan et al 2012). The increase in body weight increases along with the high dose of orange peel infusion in broiler drinking water. This increase can be seen in Figure 2.
 |
| Figure 2.. Body weight gain of broiler chickens |
The feed conversion ratio in this study significantly decreased. This decrease was due to the fact that the consumption of rations in all treatments was not different, but the resulting body weight gain increased along with the increase in the provision of orange peel infusion in broiler drinking water so that the feed conversion ratio decreased. According to Majekodunmi et al (2021), orange peel supplementation in broiler drinking water can reduce feed conversion ratio. The decrease in the feed conversion ratio can be seen in Figure 3.
 |
| Figure 3. Broiler feed conversion ratio |
Final body weight (FBW) of broilers along with the increase in its concentration (30%) in drinking water. This shows that the phytochemical compounds contained in orange peel infusion work in the digestive tract of broilers so that the nutrients absorbed are more effective. The role of tannins is also as an antibacterial, so that pathogenic bacteria in the digestive tract can be reduced. This happens because tannins have a target on the polypeptide wall of the bacterial cell wall so that the formation of the cell wall is less than perfect and then the bacterial cells will die. Antioxidants play an important role in protecting the broiler's body from the effects of free radicals that can cause various diseases. Free radicals come from natural substances produced from the metabolic process. The results of this study are in accordance with those reported by Pourhossein et al (2012) and Ebrahimi et al (2013) that the use of orange peel extract can improve broiler performance.
The results of the study showed that the provision of orange peel infusion of 30 ml/L as a feed additive in broiler drinking water was the best treatment with an average water intake 91.43 ml/day, feed intake 59.32 g/day, body weight gain 30.50 g/day, final body weight 1110.14 g and feed conversion ratio 1.85.
I would like to express my gratitude to the Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Andalas University for funding this experiment.
Contract No : 001.c/UN.16.06.D/PT.01/SPP.RDP/FATERNA/2023
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