| Livestock Research for Rural Development 34 (10) 2022 | LRRD Search | LRRD Misssion | Guide for preparation of papers | LRRD Newsletter | Citation of this paper |
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal with brewery dried grain on feed intake, growth performance, carcass traits, and blood hematology of Ross 308 broiler chickens. A total of 300-day-old Ross 308 broilers were distributed to five treatment diets in a completely randomized design replicated three times with 20 chicks each. Isocaloric and isonitrogenous treatment diets were formulated. Five dietary treatments were prepared with increasing level of BDG replacing SBM at BDG 0% (BDG0), BDG 7.5% (BDG7.5), BDG 15% (BDG15), BDG 22.5% (BDG22.5) and BDG 30 % (BDG30) based diets. The feeding experiment lasted for 42 days in two phases starter phase from day 1-21 days and the finisher phase from day 22-42 days. Four broilers were randomly taken from each pen for carcass evaluation and blood hematology. The total feed intake, final body weight, body weight change and average body weight were higher (p<0.05) in BDG0 treatment in the starter phase, but mortality and feed conversion ratio were similar (p>0.05) among each treatment in the starter phase. Final body weight, body weight change, average body weight, and feed conversion ratio were higher (p<0.05) in BDG0 treatment in the finisher and entire experimental period. There was no mortality recorded in the finisher phase. There was a higher (p<0.05) in BDG0 slaughter weight, carcass weight, breast, thigh, drumstick and back weight. The lowest dressing percentage was obtained in BDG15. The lowest result was obtained in BDG30 for liver and heart weight compared to the rest four treatments. There was similar (P>0.05) in gizzard weight among each treatment. There were similar results (p>0.05) among each treatment diet in hematology parameters. From this result brewery dried grain up to 30% negatively affected carcass traits especially breast, thigh, drumstick and back weight. But comparable results were obtained in dressing percentage, gizzard, heart and liver weight and there is no any influence in blood hematology parameters. So, brewery dried grain can be used as a protein source for Ross 308 broiler chickens above 22 days old when SBM is scarce.
Keywords: blood hematology, broiler, carcass, growth, weight
Animal productions in general and chicken production in particular play important socioeconomic roles in developing countries (Ibrahim et al 2019). Family poultry contributes to good human nutrition by providing food (eggs and meat) with high quality nutrients and micronutrients. The small income and savings provided by the sale of poultry products is especially important for women, enabling them to better cope with urgent needs and reducing economic vulnerability (Ararsa and Chala, 2020).
Chicken is the largest livestock species accounting for more than 30% of all animal protein consumption in Ethiopia (Getu and Birhan, 2014). The estimated annual production of chicken meat in Ethiopia is 61,840 tons, which account for a 1.3% share of a production in Africa and an 11.7% share in East Africa (Negasa et al 2021). Poultry meat account for about 33% of the world meat consumption (Ahmad et al 2018) and consumers’ demand for poultry meat is ever increasing. Chicken meat is generally regarded as better than red meat because it is a white meat which contains less fat and cholesterol, easy to handle portions and has no religious restrictions unlike pork and beef (Semeneh et al, 2014; Ahmed et al 2018).
Feed scarcity and consequent high price of conventional energy and protein sources are factors that limit the productivity of poultry in Ethiopia (Belay and Negesse et al 2019). Compared to other animals, feed resources for commercial poultry production are grains of good quality, which also are used as human food. This put the sector in a direct competition for grains which leads to increased cost of poultry production (Mammo, 2012).
Soya bean (Glycin max) is an oil seed legume that is rich in protein and used for both human and animal feeding and for industrial purposes. It is the major source of protein for non-ruminant feeding, constituting about 20 - 30% level of inclusion in poultry ration (Esiegwu, 2016). The over dependence on soya bean as major protein source for monogastric animal feeding and for human and industrial purposes has increased its scarcity and consequently leading to high cost of production.
Therefore, considerable attention has been given to the use of unconventional feedstuffs, such as agro-industrial by-products, in the formulation of poultry diets, with the intention of achieving suitable utilization and economic efficiency of poultry production (Ashour et al, 2019). Dried brewers’ grain is high in crude protein and metabolizable and could be used to reduce the quantity of maize grain and soybean meal in broiler chicken diets (Abd El-Hack et al, 2019). However, the use of dried brewery grain is limited in poultry diets because of its high fiber content. Therefore, the objectives of the experiment was performed to evaluate the growth performance, feed intake, carcass evaluation and blood hematology parameters of broiler chickens.
The experiment was conducted at Gondar University poultry farm, located at 12°36' 0” N and 37°28' 0’’E or 12.6 Latitudes and 37.45 Longitude with an altitude of 2200.45 m above sea level (CSA 2016). The annual mean minimum and maximum temperature of the area vary between 12.3-17.7°c and 22-30°C, respectively, with an annual average temperature of 19.7°C. The area receives a bimodal rainfall, the average annual precipitation being 1000mm that comes from the long and short rainy season.
The experimental house was thoroughly cleaned, washed and the floor was covered with grass hay 5cm and was disinfected using formalin 40% solution before the placement of the experimental birds in the pens. Infra-red lamp providing 250 W was fitted for each pen. Circular plastic feeders and waterers were placed in the pens for provision of feed and water, respectively. A total of three hundred day-old unsexed Ross 308 Broiler chicks were purchased from ELFORA private Poultry Farm located at Debre Zeit and transported to Gondar university poultry farm. Feed was offered ad libitum (10% refusal). The daily offer was presented in two portions at 0800 and 1600 h. Water was available all time. Vitamin premix was provided with water for seven consecutive days following the arrival of day old chicks to the farm. Body weight was measured at the beginning and at the end and at a weekly interval during the experiment using sensitive balance. The chicks were vaccinated with live vaccine against Marek’s disease at the first day and against Newcastle Disease (HB1) on third and 21 days through ocular and against Gumburo at seventh day through drinking water.
The wet brewery grain was purchased from Dashen Brewery Factory located in Gondar. It was sun dried by spreading on the ground using polythene sheet until the grain is completely dried. It was frequently turned during the process of drying for uniformity. The other feed ingredients were purchased from Gondar local market. Soybean meal, meat and bone meal, lysine, methionine and vitamin premix were purchased from GASCO trading, Addis Ababa.
The design of the experiment was completely randomized design (CRD). The chicks were randomly distributed into five dietary treatment groups; each treatment group consisted of 60 chicks, three replicate/treatment with 20 chicks each.
|
Table 1. Layout of the experiment |
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|
Treatment |
Replication |
Chicks per |
Chicks per |
|
BDG0 |
3 |
20 |
60 |
|
BDG7.5 |
3 |
20 |
60 |
|
BFG15 |
3 |
20 |
60 |
|
BDG22.5 |
3 |
20 |
60 |
|
BDG30 |
3 |
20 |
60 |
|
Total number of chicks |
300 |
||
Five experimental diets were formulated using feed win software. The five dietary treatments were formulated to be iso-caloric (2900-3100 kcal ME kg/DM) and (21 - 24% CP) iso-nitrogenous diets during starter and finisher phases (NRC, 1994). Accordingly, each of the starter treatment rations contained about 3100 Kcal/kg DM of metabolisable energy and 22% of crude protein, while the finisher ration had 3200 kcal/kg DM of metabolisable energy and 20% crude protein. Included at a rate of 0%, 7.5%, 15%, 22.5 % and 30 % of soybean for BDG0 (control) BDG7.5, BDG15, BDG22.5 and BDG30, respectively (Table 2).
|
Table 2. Ingredient proportion of the different treatments during starter and finisher phase |
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|
Feed ingredients |
Treatment and ingredient proportion (%) |
||||||
|
BDG0 |
BDG7.5 |
BDG15 |
BDG22.5 |
BDG30 |
|||
|
Maize |
52.5 |
52.1 |
51.7 |
51.4 |
50 |
||
|
Soybean meal |
30 |
22.5 |
15 |
7.5 |
0 |
||
|
Brewery dried grain |
0 |
7.5 |
15 |
22.5 |
30 |
||
|
Wheat middling |
4.8 |
3.5 |
4.5 |
4.0 |
5.0 |
||
|
Noug seed cake |
5 |
6.2 |
5.6 |
6.5 |
6.5 |
||
|
Meat and Bone meal |
5.5 |
6 |
6 |
6.1 |
6.5 |
||
|
DL-Methionine |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
||
|
Vitamin premix |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
||
|
Lysine |
0.6 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
||
|
Lime stone |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
||
|
Salt |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
||
|
Finisher phase |
|||||||
|
Maize |
54 |
53.1 |
53.6 |
52.5 |
52.3 |
||
|
Soybean meal |
30 |
22.5 |
15 |
7.5 |
0 |
||
|
Brewers dried grain |
0 |
7.5 |
15 |
22.5 |
30 |
||
|
Wheat middling |
5 |
6 |
5.4 |
6 |
6.4 |
||
|
Noug seed cake |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
||
|
Meat and Bone meal |
4.5 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
||
|
DL methionine |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
||
|
Vitamin Premix |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
||
|
Lysine |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
||
|
Lime stone |
1.2 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
1.2 |
1 |
||
|
Salt |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
||
| BDG= brewery dried grain replaced soy bean meal at rate of zero BDG0= zero, BDG7.5=BDG 7.5%, BDG15= BDG 15 % , BDG22.5= BDG 22.5% BDG30=BDG 30% | |||||||
A weighed amount of feed was offered twice a day at 0800 hours and 1600 hours. Refusal was collected the next morning and weighed after removal external contaminants by visual inspection. The amount of feed consumed was determined as the difference between the feed offered and refused.
Feed intake = feed offered – feed refusal
|
The average daily body weight gain was computed as body weight change divided by the number of experimental days. Mean feed conversion ratio was determined by dividing the mean daily feed intake to the average daily weight gain of chicks.
The body weights of chicks were taken on arrival which was recorded as initial weight and at weekly interval using sensitive balance. The average daily body weight gain was computed for each replication and treatments. Daily body weight gain was calculated as a difference of the mean final and mean initial body weights divided by the number of experimental days. During the experimental period, any mortality, morbidity and abnormalities were recorded as they occur and mortality was computed for each dietary treatment as a percentage of total mortality at the end of the experiment.
Body weight gains of chicks were determined as follows:
 |
The meat yield and carcass characteristics were determined at the end of the experiment according to the methods described by (Mossad F and Mohammed, 2020) by selecting four birds from each replicate randomly. Birds were deprived of feed and water over night. Pre-slaughter weight of individual birds was recorded. Birds were slaughtered by cutting the jugular vein. The birds were immediately scaled in warm water and the feathers were manually removed. The carcasses were separated into breast, back, upper back, thigh, shank, neck, arm, wing, drumstick, head and the internal organs (viscera). The wings were removed by a cutting through the shoulder joint at the proximal end of humerus. The breast portion was obtained as described by (Thomas et al 2015). The drumstick was separated from the thigh by a cutting through the joint formed by the femur, fibula and tibia. The dressing percentage was calculated from dressed carcass weight as a percentage of the pre-slaughter weight. Moreover, the parts were individually weighed and expressed as percentage of live weight.
 |
At the end of experiment, about 5 ml of blood samples were collected from four birds per replication and a total of 60 birds. The blood was collected into two labeled sterile universal bottles. One set of the bottles contained Ethyldiamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) powder as anti-coagulant, while the other set do not contain any anticoagulant. Hemoglobin (HB) concentration was determined from samples in bottles containing anticoagulant taken before spinning in centrifuge by the method of Actin hematin (Mulatu et al 2019). Blood samples in bottles containing anticoagulant were spun in a centrifuge at 3,000 rpm for 10 minutes and plasma was separated and stored frozen at -10 °C. These samples were used for the determination of Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and differential white blood cell count (lymphocyte, heterophils, eosinophils, monocytes and basophils). The PCV was determined by spinning blood filled capillary tubes in a centrifuge at 1200 revolutions per minute (rpm) for 5 minutes and reading on hematocrit reader.
The mean cell volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations (MCHC) were calculated as follows:
 | (Brains et al 2000) |
Data were analyzed using the general linear model procedure of Statistical Analysis Systems (SAS, 2009) software. Differences between treatment means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The following model was used for data analysis. Yij = μ + Ti + eij, Where: Yij = represents the jth observation in the ith treatment level, μ = over all mean, Ti = treatment effect and eij = random error.
The soybean meal CP content (39.8%) was higher compared to brewery dried grain (25.4%) (Table 3). And soybean meal ME (2678.8Kcal/kg DM) content was high as compared to brewery dried grain (2365.0Kcal/kg DM). A slight increase in crude fiber content of ration was observed as level of brewery dried grain increased. The calcium content ranged from 0.99-1.23% and 0.96–1.05% whereas phosphorus ranged from 0.4-0.52and 0.44-0.47% in starter and finisher diets, respectively and it is within the range recommended for broiler ration (NRC, 1994).
|
Table 3. Chemical composition of feed ingredients (on dry matter basis) and experimental diets |
|||||||||||
|
Ingredients |
DM |
CP |
EE |
Ash |
CF |
NFE |
Ca |
P |
ME kcal/kg DM |
||
|
Maize |
91.0 |
10.6 |
5.9 |
4.9 |
3.9 |
65.6 |
0.14 |
0.35 |
3528.0 |
||
|
Noug cake |
94.0 |
32.3 |
7.5 |
12.8 |
17.6 |
25.8 |
0.72 |
1.09 |
2260.6 |
||
|
Soybean meal |
91.9 |
39.8 |
8.4 |
6.5 |
5.7 |
27.1 |
0.48 |
0.78 |
2678.8 |
||
|
Wheat bran |
92.0 |
17.6 |
4.3 |
4.4 |
9.4 |
56.3 |
0.09 |
0.68 |
3144.8 |
||
|
BDG |
92.0 |
25.4 |
6.1 |
9.8 |
17.8 |
48.4 |
0.76 |
0.37 |
2365.0 |
||
|
Starter phase |
|||||||||||
|
BDG0 |
90.6 |
23 |
4.5 |
6.6 |
3.8 |
48.1 |
0.99 |
0.49 |
2951 |
||
|
BFG7.5 |
90.3 |
23 |
4.5 |
6.7 |
3.9 |
48.4 |
1.04 |
0.50 |
2950 |
||
|
BDG15 |
90.2 |
23 |
4.6 |
6.8 |
4.3 |
48.6 |
1.05 |
0.51 |
2950 |
||
|
BDG22.5 |
90.2 |
23 |
4.6 |
6.8 |
4.6 |
48.7 |
1.12 |
0.51 |
2951 |
||
|
BDG30 |
90.1 |
23 |
4.9 |
6.8 |
4.9 |
48.9 |
1.23 |
0.52 |
2950 |
||
|
Finisher phase |
|||||||||||
|
BDG0 |
90.68 |
20.84 |
4.34 |
6.3 |
4.65 |
51.2 |
0.96 |
0.44 |
3386 |
||
|
BFG7.5 |
90.48 |
20.62 |
4.46 |
6.5 |
4.87 |
52.2 |
1.0 |
0.44 |
3364 |
||
|
BDG15 |
90.32 |
20.43 |
4.54 |
6.6 |
5.12 |
52.4 |
1.01 |
0.45 |
3298 |
||
|
BDG22.5 |
90.24 |
20.32 |
4.64 |
6.7 |
5.68 |
52.4 |
1.01 |
0.45 |
3246 |
||
|
BDG30 |
90.17 |
20.12 |
4.67 |
6.7 |
6.12 |
52.6 |
1.05 |
0.47 |
3232 |
||
|
BDG= brewery dried grain replaced Soy bean meal at rate of BDG0= zero, BDG7.5=BDG 7.5%, BDG15= BDG 15 %, BDG22.5= BDG 22.5% and BDG30=BDG 30% DM = dry matter; CP = crude protein; EE = ether extract; CF = crude fiber; Ca= calcium; P= phosphorus; ME = metabolizable energy; BDG=brewery dried grain; NSC=noug seed cake; MG=maize grain; WS=wheat short; SBM=soybean meal. |
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Feed intake during the starter phase, finisher phase and entire period of the study was higher (p<0.05) for birds consumed BFG0 in starter and finisher phase but in the entire period BDG30 was the highest compared to the rest of treatments. Average daily gain, final body weight and feed conversion ratio were higher for birds in starter, finisher and entire period in BDG0 followed by the rest treatments.
|
Table 4. Effect of replacing soybean meal with BDG on feed intake and body weight gain in broilers ration |
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|
Parameters |
Treatment |
SEM |
p-value |
||||||||
|
BDG0 |
BDG7.5 |
BDG15 |
BDG22.5 |
BDG30 |
|||||||
|
Starter phase (1-21) |
|||||||||||
|
Feed intake g/bird |
1533.14a |
1492.8b |
1458.83c |
1436.36d |
1418.91e |
115 |
0.0001 |
||||
|
Initial body weight g/bird |
46.1 |
45.76 |
45.70 |
45.31 |
45.0333 |
15.56 |
0.6183 |
||||
|
Final body weight g/bird |
772.33a |
752.50b |
735.83c |
724.67d |
716.00e |
21.55 |
0.0001 |
||||
|
Body weight change |
726.23a |
706.73b |
690.13c |
679.35d |
670.96e |
40.72 |
0.0001 |
||||
|
Average gain g/day |
34.58a |
33.65b |
32.86c |
32.35d |
31.95e |
0.09 |
0.0001 |
||||
|
Feed conversion |
2.111b |
2.112ab |
2.114a |
2.114a |
2.114a |
0.0 |
0.7524 |
||||
|
Mortality (%) |
0.1667 |
0.0827 |
0.111 |
0.111 |
0.1667 |
0.36 |
0.9597 |
||||
|
Finisher phase (22-42) |
|||||||||||
|
Feed intake g/bird |
3649.76a |
3607.42b |
3564.62c |
3482.5d |
3460.86e |
331 |
0.0001 |
||||
|
Final body weight g/bird |
2471.35a |
2440.16b |
2413.4c |
2373.3d |
2353e |
69.36 |
0.0001 |
||||
|
Body weight change |
1124.85a |
1114.2b |
1098.9c |
1058.8d |
1057.5d |
104 |
0.0001 |
||||
|
Average gain g/day |
53.58a |
53.05b |
52.32c |
50.42d |
50.36d |
0.23 |
0.0001 |
||||
|
Feed conversion |
3.24c |
3.23d |
3.24c |
3.28a |
3.27b |
0.0 |
0.0001 |
||||
|
Mortality (%) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
||||
|
Entire Experiment (1-42 days) |
|||||||||||
|
Feed intake g/bird |
4052e |
4073d |
4089c |
4108b |
4134a |
0.0 |
0.0001 |
||||
|
Initial body weight g/bird |
46.26 |
45.76 |
46.45 |
45.85 |
45.03 |
15.81 |
0.6183 |
||||
|
Final body weight g/bird |
2471.35a |
2440.16b |
2413.4c |
2373.3d |
2353e |
69.36 |
0.0001 |
||||
|
Body weight change |
2425.1a |
2394.4b |
2366.9c |
2327.4d |
2307.9e |
74.86 |
0.0001 |
||||
|
Average gain g/day |
57.74a |
57.01b |
56.35c |
55.4d |
54.95e |
0.04 |
0.0001 |
||||
|
Feed conversion |
1.64e |
1.67d |
1.69c |
1.73b |
1.75a |
0.0 |
0.0001 |
||||
|
Mortality (%) |
0.1667 |
0.0827 |
0.111 |
0.111 |
0.1667 |
0.54 |
0.9597 |
||||
|
a, b, c Means within a row with different superscripts are significantly different, BDG0, BDG7.5, BDG15, BDG22.5 and BDG30= 0%, 7.5% 15%, 22.5% and 30% of replacement of Soybean meal by BDG, respectively, g = gram, SEM = standard error of the mean |
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Slaughter and carcass weight were highest (0.05) for BDG0 compared to the other treatments and varied among each treatments. The lowest dressing percentage was obtained in BDG22.5 compared from the rest treatments. The highest (p<0.05) thigh weight was obtained in BDG0 compared from the rest treatments. In drumstick the highest (p<0.05) was obtained in BDG0 and the rest treatments obtained similar results. In back weight the highest (p<0.05) result were obtained in BDG0 and BDG7.5 and followed by the rest. In breast weight the highest (p<0.05) result was obtained in BDG0 followed by BDG7.5 the rest BDG15, BDG22.5 and BDG30 had similar results. The relative weight of Gizzard and liver were similar (p>0.05) among each treatments but the lowest liver weight was obtained in BDG30. In neck and wing the highest (p<0.05) result were obtained in BDG0 and the rest result was similar. The lowest (p<0.05) heart result was found in BDG30 compared from the rest treatments.
|
Table 5. The effect of experimental diet on various carcass characteristics of broiler chickens slaughtered at a period of six weeks of experiment |
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|
Parameters |
Treatment |
SEM |
p –value |
||||||||
|
BDG0 |
BDG7.5 |
BDG15 |
BDG22.5 |
BDG30 |
|||||||
|
Slaughter Weight |
2471.3a |
2435.6b |
2416.9c |
2372.5d |
2366.2e |
29.29 |
<0.0001 |
||||
|
Carcass Weight |
1836.7a |
1810.4b |
1794.5c |
1765.02d |
1758.5e |
36.15 |
<0.0001 |
||||
|
Dressing % |
74.3ab |
74.3ab |
74.2b |
74.4a |
74.3ab |
0.021 |
0.2093 |
||||
|
Thigh |
393.1a |
389.2b |
387.6c |
386.5d |
386.9cd |
1.52 |
<0.0001 |
||||
|
Drumstick |
214.4a |
213.6b |
213.1b |
213.1b |
213.1b |
0.72 |
<0.0013 |
||||
|
Back |
240.9a |
240.3ab |
239.6b |
235.5c |
231.8d |
1.38 |
<0.0001 |
||||
|
Breast |
466.7a |
458.7b |
451.7c |
450.9c |
448.3c |
53.03 |
0.0006 |
||||
|
Neck |
98.6a |
96.2b |
98.02a |
96.6b |
96.3b |
1.67 |
<0.0001 |
||||
|
Wing |
190.9a |
183.5b |
183.1b |
183.6b |
182.9b |
6.35 |
<0.0001 |
||||
|
Gizzard |
52.5 |
52.3 |
52.4 |
52.4 |
52.3 |
0.322 |
<0.039 |
||||
|
Liver |
47.6a |
47.5a |
47.5a |
47.4ab |
47.2b |
0.087 |
<0.0297 |
||||
|
Heart |
12.40ab |
12.39ab |
12.38ab |
12.47a |
12.30b |
0.013 |
<0.0192 |
||||
|
a, b, c, dMeans within the row with different superscripts are significantly different, SEM standard error of the mean, BDG0, BDG7.5, BDG15, BDG22.5 and BDG30= 0%, 7.5%, 15%, 22.5% and 30% of substitution of Soybean meal by BDG respectively |
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The hematological parameter include PCV, HB, RBC, WBC, MCH, MCHC and differential white blood cell were similar (p>0.05) among treatments. In MCV value the lowest (p<0.05) result was obtained in BDG15 but the rest were similar. Hematological parameters usually related to the health status of the chicken. From the above result BDG had no any heath effect on broiler chickens.
|
Table 6. Hematological parameters of broilers fed different levels of BDG as a replacement with soybean meal |
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|
Parameters |
Treatment |
SE |
p -value |
||||||||
|
BDG0 |
BDG7.5 |
BDG15 |
BDG22.5 |
BDG30 |
|||||||
|
PCV |
35.38 |
34.75 |
34.25 |
34.11 |
34.92 |
6.67 |
07545 |
||||
|
Hgb g/dl |
12.69 |
12.53 |
13.35 |
12.53 |
12.6 |
2.94 |
0.7524 |
||||
|
RBCx106 /μl |
2.71 |
2.77 |
2.78 |
2.82 |
2.92 |
0.076 |
0.0001 |
||||
|
WBCx103/μL |
3.56 |
3.56 |
3.64 |
3.59 |
3.64 |
0.68 |
0.9119 |
||||
|
MCV fL |
116.82a |
113.05ab |
110.58b |
113.74ab |
114.49ab |
14.48 |
0.0041 |
||||
|
MCH pg |
65.59 |
65.53 |
65.57 |
65.48 |
64.43 |
6.07 |
0.8534 |
||||
|
MCHC g/dl |
48.20 |
47.59 |
49.17 |
46.25 |
46.12 |
19.36 |
0.3926 |
||||
|
Heterophils % |
31.40 |
31.42 |
32.49 |
31.57 |
31.95 |
2.54 |
0.1659 |
||||
|
Lymphocyte % |
62.50 |
61.42 |
63.00 |
62.83 |
63.08 |
6.15 |
0.4686 |
||||
|
Monocytes % |
5.45 |
5.33 |
5.54 |
5.31 |
5.34 |
0.75 |
0.0055 |
||||
|
Eosinophils % |
3.41 |
3.30 |
3.33 |
3.45 |
3.33 |
0.138 |
0.8211 |
||||
|
Basophils % |
0.17 |
0.00 |
0.08 |
0.08 |
0.00 |
0.0636 |
0.4609 |
||||
|
a,b,c, Means in a row with different superscripts differ (p < 0.05); BDG0= 0% BDG7.5 = 7.5% BDG15 = 15%; BDG22.5 = 22.5% BDG30 =30%; SEM=standard error of the mean; Hb=hemoglobin; PCV=packed cell volume; RBC=red blood cell; MCV=mean corpuscular volume; MCH=mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC= mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; WBC= white blood cell |
|||||||||||
Crude protein (25.4), ether extracts (6.1), Ash (9.8), crude fiber (17.8), NFE (48.4), calculated metabolizable energy (2365), calcium (0.76) and available phosputus (0.37) content of the present result was comparable to the previously reported value (Swain et al 2013). The CP content of brewery dried grain presented in this result was higher than what is reported by (Fărcaş, 2014) (18%), (Ashour et al 2019) (23.67%), (Demeke, 2007) (24%), (Zewdu and Berhan, 2014) (22.58%), and lower than reported by (Miresa and Mulugeta, 2020)(25.8%), (Denstadli et al 2010) (27%) and (Meseret et al 2012) (27.7%). Generally treatment diets used for these ration contained CP, ME, Ca and P within the recommended values for broilers (NRC, 1994).
Feed intake, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio was influenced by DBG in broiler diets results on production parameter are shown in Table 4. It is evident from these results that the dietary treatment had a higher (P<0.05) in all production parameters between the control and 30% DBG inclusion in starter, finisher and the entire period of the experiment. In starter phase feed intake, final body weight, body weight change and daily feed intake increase from along BDG0 to BDG30. But the lowest feed conversion was obtained in BDG0 compared from the rest four treatments. These results are in agreement with the findings of (Anyanwu, et al 2008) who reported similar trends on final body weights and daily weight gains, (Singh, et al 2018) observed similar trends for feed intake between day eleven and forty-two. On the other hand, (Swain et al 2012) reported that inclusion of DBG at 20% did not influence body weight of broilers but had a significant effect on feed intake and FCR whereby birds fed diets with DBG had higher feed intake and FCR than the control group. (Anjola, et al 2016) used 0, 5, 8, 11 and 14% DBG inclusion in broiler diets and reported that there were similar in feed intake, weight gain and FCR among the dietary treatments. Final body weight, daily body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher in finisher phase in the presented value this is comparable to the value observed in broiler finisher chicks fed BDG replacing 50% maize in finisher diet (Ironkwe and Bamgbose, 2011).
The influence of DBG on carcass production results (Table 5) pointed out that dietary treatment had a higher (P<0.05) influence on carcass parameters, like slaughter weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, thigh weight, back weight, breast weight and drumstick weight. The results of the current study are similar to results of (Kuleile et al 2019) that used a mixture of DBG and cassava tubers in broiler diets and observed that the incremental inclusion of DBG up to 45% reduced carcass weight, dressing percentage and gizzard weight. The presented result disagreed with observed results (Swain et al 2012) using maximum of 20% DBG in broiler diets reported significantly high meat yield and gizzard weight in broilers fed diets containing DBG than in control group.
Blood constituents assessed for hematological indices were not affected by replacing soybean meal with brewery dried grain and were within the normal hematologic values of 2.5-3.5 x 106 /µL red blood cells 7-13 g/dL Hb, 22-35% PCV, 90-140 fl MCV for chickens reported by (Muhammad et al 2021). Similar results were obtained in blood constituents assessed for hematological indices suggests that substitution of soybean meal with brewery dried grain diet did not affect the birds to any health problems, as hematological variables can be used as an indicator of health in birds (Hrabčáková et al 2014).
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