Effect of silvopastoral management techniques on growth and shoot biomass production of Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir in semi-arid regions

E J S Alencar, J M Pereira Filho, V A Vale, A Pereira Leite, O A Bakke, L R Bezerra, J F P Moura and L V Diógenes

Animal Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos, Paraiba, Brazil
johnny.elisvaldoed478@gmail.com

Abstract

The aim of the study was to analyze the effects of regrowth control on growth and hay yield of Mimosa tenuiflora in the semi-arid region of Brazil. A 4-ha experimental area was subjected to silvopastoral management techniques including lowering and thinning. The treatments consisted of three levels of regrowth control (1, 2, and 3 regrowth) and a control group. Ten native plants were randomly selected in each plot and evaluated for the number of regrowth, stem diameter, basal regrowth diameter, height of the largest regrowth, stem, leaf, and total hay yield. The results of growth showed significant differences in the amount of regrowth where it presented a loss of 63% in the year after the first evaluation. Plants that were not subjected to regrowth control had a greater amount of remaining regrowth (22.7 and 21.1 in 2017 and 2018, respectively). The treatment with two regrowth had the largest stem diameter. For the height of the greatest regrowth, there was a significant effect between the years, with the greatest height observed in 2018 (88.55 cm). Regarding the production of Mimosa tenuiflora hay, stem and leaf hay yield followed a similar pattern according to the number of regrowth. For total hay yield, there was a difference only in 2018, with higher yield for control plants when compared to the others (286.13 kg). The use of silvopastoral management techniques with regrowth control levels led to an increase in stem diameter and decrease in the number of remaining regrowth, and decreased total hay yield.

Keywords: caatinga, dry matter, Jurema-preta, native pasture, regrowth

Introduction

Arid lands cover approximately 41% of the Earth’s surface, or approximately 6.1 billion hectares, and are present in tropical and temperate latitudes across all continents. In South America, three significant semi-arid regions represent approximately 11% of the world’s total semi-arid areas (FAO, 2019). The semi-arid region in Brazil is home to almost 28 million people, and covers approximately 1 million square kilometers, with a significant potential for agricultural activities (Diniz et al 2017; IBGE, 2020).

The caatinga is the dominant vegetation type in the Brazilian semi-arid region and is currently in various stages of secondary succession, dominated by annual herbaceous and woody shrub species. These woody species, which are deciduous and have thorns, are important sources of animal feed and wood for a variety of uses, including the production of fence posts and firewood for domestic and industrial consumption (Carvalho et al 2004). However, unsustainable exploitation of these resources has led to the degradation of biodiversity and the disappearance of economically valuable species (Tavares, 2018).

Silvopastoral management techniques offer an alternative for restoring environmental functions, increasing biodiversity, and boosting pastoral and forest productivity. According to Pereira Filho et al. (2010), the management of Mimosa tenuiflora and other species can increase the availability of the arboreal-herbaceous stratum to 3,098.6 kg ha-1 of dry matter. This improvement is beneficial to farmers as it increases the production of forage species used in animal feeding. Additionally, it provides a more ecologically friendly source of wood for activities such as fence building.

Mimosa tenuiflora has been identified as a valuable forage species due to its high nutritional value for sheep and goats, making it an important resource in livestock systems (Silva et al 2020. Additionally, it is widely recognized for its medicinal applications in human health, particularly for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. However, despite these benefits, the species also produces secondary metabolites, such as tannins and alkaloids, which may be toxic to livestock, especially cattle, depending on the concentration and level of ingestion (Silva Aguiar et al 2023). The accumulation of these compounds is influenced by the edaphoclimatic variations of the Caatinga, where factors such as low rainfall, high temperatures, and reduced soil moisture can enhance the synthesis of defensive metabolites (Souza et al 2020). These dynamic highlights the need for careful management and further research to optimize the benefits of M. tenuiflora while mitigating potential risks associated with its consumption in different environmental conditions.

The cornerstone of silvopastoral systems in the Caatinga is the manipulation of the woody component (Aguiar et al 2019; Almeida et al 2013). Proper manipulation and management of woody vegetation can maintain high levels of animal production without significant loss of biodiversity and productive potential (Araújo Filho, 2013). Our hypothesis is that the use of silvopastoral management techniques, in addition to regrowth control of Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. will lead to increase in the growth and production of the species. That will not only result in higher plant yields but also in greater biomass for animal grazing.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of regrowth control on the growth and hay yield of Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. in the semi-arid region of Brazil, using silvopastoral management techniques. This study highlights the importance of silvopastoral management and control of woody species worldwide in promoting sustainable resource use and biodiversity preservation.

Materials and methods

The experiment was conducted at Fazenda Lameirão, which is part of the Health and Rural Technology Center at the Federal University of Campina Grande. It is located in the Sertão Paraibano physiographic region in the town of Santa Terezinha-PB. The farm is located at coordinates 7º 02’ South latitude and 37º 29’ West longitude. The soils are classified as Litholic Neosol (EMBRAPA, 2013).

According to the Köppen’s classification (Alvares et al 2014), the semi-arid region has a BShw’ climate type, which is hot and dry, with a short rainy season in summer-autumn. Rainfall concentrates in March and April, but it can occur from January to May. The dry season typically lasts six to eight months, starting in June and ending in mid-January. Figure 1 shows the rainfall and average temperatures during the years 2017 and 2018 at Fazenda Lameirão.

Figure 1. During the experimental period, the rainfall and average temperature of Fazenda Lameirão, Santa Terezinha-PB. Source: INPE/EMATER-PB

Historical data (2010-2018) on the water balance characteristics of the Caatinga region were included to enhance understanding, considering historical precipitation, average temperature, actual evapotranspiration (ETR), water deficit, and water surplus for the period (Figure 2, 3 and 4).

Figure 2. Historical Precipitation (2010-2018) for the region encompassing Fazenda Lameirão, Santa Terezinha-PB. Source: SISDAGRO/INMET (sisdagro.inmet.gov.br

Figure 3. Actual Evapotranspiration (mm) vs. Average Temperature (°C) (2010-2018) for the region encompassing Fazenda Lameirão, Santa Terezinha-PB. Source: SISDAGRO/INMET (sisdagro.inmet.gov.br)

Figure 4. Water Deficit (mm) vs. Water Surplus (mm) (2010-2018) for the region encompassing Fazenda Lameirão, Santa Terezinha-PB. Source: SISDAGRO/INMET (sisdagro.inmet.gov.br)

To evaluate the growth and hay yield of Mimosa tenuiflora, a randomized block design was employed in split-plot arrangement, with control levels of regrowth as the main plots, and years as the subplots. Ten native plants were selected randomly as replicates. In the experimental area, silvopastoral management techniques were implemented, including shallow cutting of Jurema-preta (Mimosa tenuiflora), and selective cutting of Catingueira (Poincianella bracteosa) and marmeleiro (Croton sonderianus), following the methodology described by Araújo Filho (2013) while ensuring that 20% of the soil was covered by woody species. Species considered to be in danger of extinction were preserved as necessary. The experimental area covered four hectares and was divided into four paddocks, with each paddock further subdivided into four plots, for a total of 16 plots.

The treatments consisted of three levels of control of regrowth of Mimosa tenuiflora : 1) one regrowth allowed to grow and remain; 2) two regrowth allowed to grow and remain; 3) three regrowth allowed to grow and remain, and a control group treatment which allowed all regrowth to grow. Each treatment consisted of four plots, and in each of them, ten Mimosa tenuiflora plants were randomly selected according to the respective level of regrowth control (allowing one, two, three, or all regrowth to grow).

The evaluations of Mimosa tenuiflora were conducted over two consecutive years (2017 and 2018). The evaluations were performed once about 50% of the unselected regrowth reached 7 mm in diameter at 5 cm above the stem insertion, which occurred after the rainy season each year. To evaluate the growth of Mimosa tenuiflora, the following variables were measured: the number of regrowth and the diameter of the stem of the plants at 5 cm from the ground, measured by a caliper.

Only the plants with control levels (1, 2, and 3 regrowth) were measured for their basal diameter of regrowth. In treatment 1, the single remaining regrowth was measured, in treatment 2 the average of the two remaining regrowth was estimated, and in treatment 3 the average of the three remaining regrowth was estimated. The measurements were taken by a caliper at 5 cm from the regrowth insertion to the stem. The height of the largest regrowth was measured from the regrowth insertion in the stem to its end.

To estimate hay yield per hectare, the remaining regrowth of Mimosa tenuiflora plants was used. The plants were cut, separated into stems and leaves, weighed, and then combined. The yield of stem and leaf hay was calculated by multiplying the density of Mimosa tenuiflora in the experimental plot and estimating the total for one hectare.

The data was transformed using logarithmic transformations (log x) to ensure equal variances between treatments. The results were analyzed through analysis of variance, with means compared by Tukey’s test. The comparison of treatments was conducted using contrasts. All analyses were using a 5% significance level in the software SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc.).

Results

For the number of regrowth, there was a difference between the years of evaluation (Table 1). The control levels had the highest amount of regrowth during 2017. A significant effect was also observed between the levels of regrowth in 2018. Mimosa tenuiflora plants that were not subjected to regrowth control (Control) showed a higher remaining amount when compared to the plants with controlled levels, which were similar to each other (Table 2).

For stem diameter, it was found that there was a significant difference between the control levels in 2017 (Table 1). Mimosa tenuiflora with two regrowth had the largest stem diameter, which was higher than the control levels of one and three regrowth. The control group had an intermediate stem diameter, similar to that of plants from the other regrowth levels (Table 1). Comparing between years (2017-2018), there was a significant difference, and the stem diameters in 2018 were larger than those in 2017 for all regrowth levels. Comparing the control group versus regrowth control level, the number of remaining regrowth did not differ in 2017 but decreased (p<0.05) in 2018. The stem diameter did not change (p>0.05) between these two years of evaluation.

For the basal diameter of regrowth, there was no effect of interaction between the regrowth control levels and the year of evaluation. However, the two years differed from each other (p<0.05), with a higher basal diameter in 2018 in comparison to 2017, showing an average value of 40.98, 38.23, and 32.94 mm for plants with 1, 2, and 3 regrowth, respectively (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Basal diameter of regrowth comparing between years

For the height of the highest regrowth, there was a significant effect only between years (Figure 6),in which, the highest regrowth height was observed in 2018, which was 319.63 cm (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Mean values for the height of the largest regrowth in relation to treatments and years. Treatment Standard deviation = 13.59. Year Standard deviation= 29.42

The yield of stem and leaf hay followed a similar pattern to that of the regrowth number (Table 2). There was no significant difference between regrowth control levels in 2017 (p>0.05). The stem and leaf hay yield variables in 2018 showed higher values for the control group treatment when compared to the other treatments (p<0.05), which were similar to each other (Table 2). For the control, there was no significant effect on stem and leaf hay yield (p>0.05) with mean values of 264.13 and 211.65 kg ha ^-1 for stem hay yield and 71.28 and 74.48 kg ha ^-1 for leaf hay yield in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The regrowth control levels (1, 2, and 3) showed a significant difference in stem and leaf hay yield between years (p<0.05) with higher yield in 2017 when compared to 2018.

For total hay yield, there was no difference between the control plants and those with regrowth control in 2017 (p>0.05). However, in 2018, there was a difference between treatments (p<0.05) with higher yield for the control plants when compared to the others (1, 2, and 3) (Table 2). The total hay yield of Mimosa tenuiflora was higher in 2017 than in 2018 for the regrowth control levels (p<0.05). The results for total hay yield were similar to stem and leaf hay yield. The control treatment showed higher values for yield of stem hay, leaf hay, and total hay in 2018 (p<0.05), while in 2017, hay yield in the regrowth control treatments was similar (p>0.05) to that of the control.

The number of regrowth is positively correlated (p<0.05) to stem hay yield (0.34), leaf hay yield (0.40), and total hay yield (0.36), but negatively correlated to the height of the highest regrowth. Stem diameter only correlated to the height of the highest regrowth. Strong correlations (0.91 to 0.99) were observed between Mimosa tenuiflora hay yield variables (Table 3).

The principal component analysis of the data showed that the first two components (PC1 and PC2) explain 75% of the total variance (Table 4), with PC1 accounting for 53% of the variation, and correlations ranging from 0.53 (regrowth number) to 0.97 (total hay yield) in this component. PC2 explains 22% of the total variation, with a high correlation (0.80) of stem diameter.

When projecting the variables onto the PC plane (Figure 7), it is observed in PC1 that the variables total hay yield (THY), stem hay yield (SHY), leaf hay yield (LHY), and regrowth number (RN) are projected in the positive quadrant and are more strongly represented by the productions. In PC2, the height of the highest regrowth (HHR) and stem diameter (SD) stand out with a positive projection and an opposite tendency to RN.

Figure 7. Projection of variables in the plane of the principal components (PC1 and PC2)

Discussion

The plants that were not controlled after the uniformity cut followed a natural growth pattern, unlike those with control levels (Table 1), which experienced stress from cutting the remaining regrowth. This management redirected the plant’s nutrients towards the regrowth that represented the treatments, as observed by Milliken et al. (2018). The authors evaluated the wood production and mortality rates of four native caatinga species over a period of six years and found that selective logging may restrict the regrowth ability of these tree species.

Pereira Filho et al. (2010) evaluated the effect of cutting Mimosa tenuiflora regrowth for hay making and observed that the first cut had a higher number of regrowth (30.07) in comparison to the following cuts (19.50). The authors attributed this to a reduction in the root carbohydrate reserve levels and the redirection of plant nutrients. Barros et al. (2021) found that areas with different historical land use patterns and anthropogenic disturbances are dominated by species of high regrowth capacity.

The results for stem diameter can be linked to rainfall, which was 778 mm in 2018, which was higher than the 418 mm in the previous year (Figure 1). Araújo Filho et al. (2002) stated that the manipulation of caatinga species can be directly influenced by annual rainfall fluctuations. Marinho et al. (2016) reported that previous cuts, even those that occurred more than 20 years ago, strongly influence plant community structure and regrowth. This explains the persistence observed in the results for number of regrowth, height of highest regrowth, and stem diameter of Mimosa tenuiflora.

Formiga et al (2011) reported that cutting Jurema-preta (Mimosa tenuiflora) stems with diameters less than 60 mm results in better quality dry matter, while cutting stems with diameters between 70 to 90 mm results in a greater quantity. The results for stem diameter (Table 1) show that in 2017, the stem diameters had lower values, resulting in better quality dry matter, while in 2018 they were within the objective of greater quantity of dry matter.

The results for the basal diameter of the regrowth can be explained by the fact that the plant directs its nutrients and organic reserves towards the first regrowth, leading to larger regrowth 1 when compared to the other regrowth of the controlled plants (Amorim et al 2009). The results for height of highest regrowth (Figure 3) demonstrate that controlling regrowth in the Caatinga can lead to greater regrowth growth. The results support the premise of sigmoid growth for plants, where the leaf area becomes more efficient in photosynthesis, leading to greater regrowth growth, as seen in species like Mimosa tenuiflora, whose physiological maturity occurs between 10 and 15 years (Lorenzi, 2009).

The results of hay yield from the stem of Mimosa tenuiflora plant are directly related to the levels of regrowth control (1, 2, and 3). These plants tend to use their organic reserves more frequently for their development, which may result in water stress selectively cutting the regrowth. This leads to a control of the plant’s growth and consequently, an adaptation of the species to management. An increase in regrowth growth with control levels and a decrease in the number of remaining regrowth were observed, which reflected in the yield of leaves, stems, and total hay. However, it is important to note that this higher hay yield may have a negative impact on the diet of small ruminants, reducing the availability of other essential nutrients (Bandeira et al 2017). Therefore, adopting proper management is crucial to ensure sustainable and efficient production of this species.

It is important to emphasize that the leaves of Mimosa tenuiflora species are commonly consumed by ruminants as green forage during grazing. However, producing hay from this species presents significant benefits, such as reducing toxic problems that may occur when animals consume the plant in its natural form, which can cause malformations in ruminants in Northeastern Brazil (Pimentel et al 2007; Reis et al 2020).

Environmental conditions, particularly rainfall variation, directly influence the physiological responses of Mimosa tenuiflora, including the production of secondary metabolites such as tannins and alkaloids. According to Souza et al. (2020), factors like low precipitation, reduced soil moisture, and high temperatures favor the accumulation of tannins as a protective mechanism, which can impact both the plant's adaptability and its nutritional value for livestock. The historical climate data presented in Figures 2, 3 and 4 reinforce this correlation, showing that periods of lower rainfall coincide with increased concentrations of secondary metabolites. This response suggests that under drought stress, the species prioritizes survival mechanisms, limiting growth while enhancing chemical defenses.

Under silvopastoral management techniques, even under water deficit conditions, Mimosa tenuiflora plants were able to accumulate hay satisfactorily in the first year of evaluation (Table 3). This demonstrates the species adaptability to low water availability conditions. This species is considered rustic and can tolerate extreme situations such as prolonged drought periods, thanks to its deep root system for proper development in degraded soils (Azêvedo et al 2012; Peri et al 2016).

The use of integrated systems in agriculture has gained attention in recent years due to their potential to provide multiple benefits, such as higher productivity, soil conservation, and biodiversity conservation. As pointed out by Pezzopane et al (2019), integrated systems that incorporate trees and forages are more complex than traditional pastures, as they involve the interaction of multiple vegetation components over space and time.

In this context, silvopastoral management techniques can be a viable option for the long-term production of Mimosa tenuiflora, not only for its potential use as firewood and stakes, as indicated by Araújo Filho et al (2002), but also for the provision of other ecosystem services, such as soil conservation and carbon sequestration. Its wood is considered excellent for producing charcoal due to its high energy density (Medeiros et al 2019), and it is also used for domestic purposes by small farmers in the Brazilian semi-arid region (Goncalves et al 2021).

The understanding of the growth and production of native species is crucial for recovery programs, particularly in semi-arid areas, where land use intensification combined with critical droughts result in widespread desertification (Teixeira et al 2020).

Conclusion

• The silvopastoral management with control of regrowth of Mimosa tenuiflora increases the trunk diameter and reduces the number of remaining regrowth, with the consequent reduction in the production of leaves and stems used in haymaking, but with uniform growth of the highest regrowth and greater basal diameter of regrowth.
  
  
• This study demonstrates that a longer evaluation is needed in the control of the regrowth of Mimosa tenuiflora in silvopastoral system, so that it can define how long regrowth will be available for good production of wood and hay. This is particularly important in semi-arid areas, where the understanding of the growth and production of native species is critical for recovery programs and the fight against desertification.

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