SNEDDS Cinnamon bark (CB) oil in the drinking water
SNEDDS Cinnamon bark (CB) oil in the drinking water
| Livestock Research for Rural Development 32 (6) 2020 | LRRD Search | LRRD Misssion | Guide for preparation of papers | LRRD Newsletter | Citation of this paper |
The present study aimed to evaluate the self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of cinnamon bark essential oil on growth and feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens. One hundred sixty broiler chickens were divided into four treatment groups. Each group comprised of five replicated pens and each replication contained eight broiler chickens. The treatments were control group CB0 (drinking water only), CB0.2 group (drinking water added with 0.2 ml/L SNEDDS CBO), CB0.4 group (drinking water added with 0.4 ml/L SNEDDS CBO), and CB0.8 (drinking water added with 0.8 ml/L SNEDDS CBO).
All of the SNEDDS CBO treatment groups reduced the amount of feed intake compared to the control group. However, the effect of the treatments did not affect the final body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens. The SNEDDS CBO treatment groups showed a trend to reduce the value of the feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens. Inclusion of SNEDDS CBO through drinking water at 0.2 – 0.8 ml/L can be an antibiotics alternative in poultry production by improving the efficiency of feed nutrients utilization.
Keywords: cinnamon, essential oil, poultry, SNEDDS
The risk of pathogenic bacteria in commercial poultry production makes antibiotics are given to prevent, control, and treat enteric diseases (Landoni and Albarellos 2015). In-feed antibiotics are widely used as feed additives in poultry production to improve the feed efficiency, increase the poultry growth, and improve the quality of the products (Yang et al 2009; Cheng et al 2014). However, alongside the beneficial perspectives, there are also risks concerning the development of antibiotic-resistant microbes (Yegani and Korver 2008). The excess use of antibiotics could cause the transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and its resistant factors from animals to humans (Stanton 2013).
Essential oils are well known for their antimicrobial activities (Griggs and Jacob 2005; Jayasena and Jo 2013), including cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) bark essential oil (CBO). There are several types of cinnamon in Indonesia. Research has shown that cinnamon has antibacterial activity against various bacteria (Rakshit and Ramalingam 2011; Ranasinghe et al 2013) that potential to be used as an alternative to the antibiotic. Essential oils are volatile and dissolved in lipid or organic solvents (Bakkali et al 2008). New approaches are necessary to increase the water solubility of essential oils for oral applications, e.g., via the drinking water to maximize the benefits of essential oil. One of the potential solutions is nanotechnology. The polymer dispersions using the emulsification-diffusion method can be used to make nanoparticle, such as nanoemulsion (Solans et al 2005). The lipid-based formulation is an alternative solution for delivering hydrophobic compounds (Yadav et al 2014), e.g., the self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS). The present study aimed to evaluate the self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of cinnamon bark essential oil on growth and feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens.
The materials for SNEDDS formulation consisted of cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmannii) essential oil (CBO) (Lansida Group, Yogyakarta, Indonesia), Tween 80 (KAO Indonesia Chemical, Bekasi, Indonesia) as a surfactant, polyethylene glycol 400 or PEG 400 (idCHEM Co., Ltd., Kyunggi, South Korea) as co-surfactant and virgin coconut oil (VCO; Healthy Co, Yogyakarta, Indonesia) as a carrier oil. The SNEDDS formulation processes were based on Ujilestari et al (2019) with modification where the use of an ultrasonicator was eliminated to make a simple and cost-efficient method of formulation process yet produced a similar result. The SNEDDS CBO formulation consisted of: CBO (12.11%), VCO (4.04%), Tween 80 (69.56%), and PEG 400 (14.29%) (v/v).
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Table 1. Composition and calculated nutrient content of the experimental diet (as-fed basis) |
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Composition |
Proportion (%) |
|
Maize |
62.0 |
|
Meat bone meal |
22.0 |
|
Soybean meal |
12.0 |
|
Palm oil |
2.00 |
|
Trace mineral and vitamin mix |
0.06 |
|
NaCl |
0.06 |
|
Limestone (CaCO3) |
1.00 |
|
L-Lysine HCl |
0.15 |
|
DL-Methionine |
0.13 |
|
Di-Calcium Phosphate |
0.60 |
|
Calculated nutrient content |
|
|
Metabolizable Energy (kcal/kg) |
3,022 |
|
Crude protein (%) |
21.7 |
|
Fiber (%) |
2.34 |
|
Fat (%) |
5.85 |
|
Calcium |
0.87 |
|
Available Phosphorus |
0.47 |
| 1Provided mineral and vitamin per kg of the feed: 32.5% Ca, 1% P, 6 g Fe, Mn 4 g, 0.075 g I, 0.3 g Cu, 3.75 g Zn, 0.5 mg Vitamin B12, 50,000 IU Vitamin D3 | |
One hundred sixty one-day-old mixed-sex commercial broiler chickens (Lohmann W99, PT. Widodo Makmur Unggas, Indonesia) were put together into a brooder pen. During the first week, the temperature brooder pen was regulated to stay at 31 şC. In the second week or d 8, the broiler chickens were randomly divided into four treatment groups. Each group comprised of five replicated pens (n= 5) and each replication contained eight broiler chickens. Each pen was equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. The formulated diet was to meet or exceed the nutritional requirements of broiler chickens using NRC (1994) recommendation (Table 1). The treatments were given through drinking water. The treatment groups consisted of control group (drinking water only), CB0.2 group (drinking water added with 0.2 ml/L SNEDDS CBO), CB0.4 group (drinking water added with 0.4 ml/L SNEDDS CBO), and CB0.8 (drinking water added with 0.8 ml/L SNEDDS CBO). The diet and drinking water were provided ad libitum.
The feed intake was calculated weekly by subtracting the amount of feed left from the total amount of feed given. The bodyweight of all chickens was measured at weekly intervals. Due to the treatments were given in the second week, the broiler chicken performance measurement was calculated from the second week until the fifth week (d 8-35). The body weight gain was calculated by subtracting the final body weight (d 35) to the first day of treatment (d 8). Subsequently, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated based on cumulative feed intake and weight gain in each pen.
All data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Windows IBM SPSS 19.0 (IBM Corporation, New York, USA) in a completely randomized design with a model containing four treatments and five pens as experimental units. Probability values of p<0.05 were assumed as a statistical significance, and the values of p< 0.10 were declared as a trend. The differences among the treatments mean were detected using Duncans' new multiple range test.
Table 2 shows that the effect of all CB0.2, CB0.4, and CB0.8 groups reduced the amount of feed intake compared to the control group. However, the effect of the treatments did not affect the final body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens.
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Table 2. The effect of treatments on broiler chicken performance |
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Items |
CB0 |
CB0.2 |
CB0.4 |
CB0.8 |
SEM |
p |
|
Feed intake, g |
2,689a |
2,474b |
2,521b |
2,496b |
28.9 |
0.02 |
|
Body weight, g |
1,946 |
1,903 |
1,916 |
1,896 |
17.5 |
0.79 |
|
Weight gain, g |
1,740 |
1,704 |
1,714 |
1,701 |
17.8 |
0.89 |
|
FCR |
1.55 |
1.45 |
1.47 |
1.47 |
0.01 |
0.07 |
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a,b Mean values within a row without common superscript differ at p<0.05 |
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| Figure 1. Response curve for feed intake according to the level of SNEDDS Cinnamon bark (CB) oil in the drinking water |
Figure 2. Response curve for feed conversion according to the level of SNEDDS Cinnamon bark (CB) oil in the drinking water |
The CB0.2, CB0.4, and CB0.8 treatments reduced the feed intake, but the effect was small (Figure 1). Previous studies also reported no differences in feed intake of broiler chickens after the dietary inclusion of cinnamon oil at 0.1 g/kg (Lee et al 2003) and 0.5–1 g/kg (Ciftci et al 2009). The strong aroma of cinnamon oil expected to cause the amount of feed intake in the SNEDDS CBO groups to be lower than the control group. The aroma can stimulate feed intake even though poultry has a lower sensitivity to the aroma compared to ruminant (Malayoğlu et al 2010). Furthermore, volatile compounds contained in cinnamon oil may affect chicken feed intake.
The treatments of adding SNEDDS CBO at such levels showed a trend to reduce the value of the feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens compare to the control group (Table 2; Figure 2). The higher feed conversion ratio values indicated that the control group was not effective in converting feed nutrients into bodyweight. Chowdhury et al (2018) reported a similar result that FCR value was lower in antibiotic and cinnamon oil groups compared to the control group. Increased efficiency of feed nutrients utilization may perform by the positive effects of essential oils on the digestive system, such as having antimicrobial effects, increasing the digestibility of protein, cellulose, and fat, which eventually affect the growth performance (Ertas et al 2005). Extracts from plants have bioactivity in the physiology and metabolism of livestock to increase the efficiency of feed utilization (Hernández et al 2004). Furthermore, feed conversion can vary due to differences in the substances contained in the plant-extracts used (Mmereole 2010).
Azevedo et al (2017) reported that the effect of essential oils on the growth performance would emerge when animals have poor hygiene conditions, high population density, and disease exposure. The SNEDDS CBO treatments did not affect growth performance; it was presumably due to the reasonably good maintenance conditions during the research. Several factors may affect the effectiveness of plant-extracts, such as dosage, the profile of bioactive substances, animal physiological conditions, feed, and environmental conditions (Alzawqari et al 2016).
The funding of this study is granted by the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia (Master Program of Education Leading to Doctoral Degree for Excellent Graduates (PMDSU) Scholarship
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Received 25 March 2020; Accepted 29 April 2020; Published 1 June 2020