| Livestock Research for Rural Development 32 (4) 2020 | LRRD Search | LRRD Misssion | Guide for preparation of papers | LRRD Newsletter | Citation of this paper |
This study aimed to determine aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) level contaminating broiler feed in Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. A total of 40 feed samples were collected from four districts in Special Region of Yogyakarta to measure AFB1 level by ELISA. The result showed that all feed samples in Special Region of Yogyakarta were contaminated by AFB1 approximately 169 µg/kg. The lowest level of AFB1 contamination was in Sleman District, 79.59 µg/kg. The level of AFB1 contamination in Kulon Progo District, Gunung Kidul District, and Sleman District did not differ; AFB1 ranged from 332 to 474 µg/kg. In conclusion, AFB1 contamination in the feed samples exceeded the Indonesian Standard (50 µg/kg).
Keywords: Aspergillus, fungi, industry, mycotoxin, poultry
Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of Aspergillus flavus which contaminating many agricultural products and feeds. In the poultry industry, aflatoxin decreases productivity, increased mortality and impact on economic losses. Also, it caused immune suppression, liver damage, and metabolism inhibition (Zhang et al 2011; Kasmani et al 2012). Aflatoxin becomes a residue in the meat through the hydroxylated derivative, thus dangerous if consumed by humans (Hussain et al 2010). Aflatoxins are carcinogenic compound in humans and animals caused the ability of aflatoxins to bind deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (IARC 2002).
Tropical countries have a high potential for aflatoxins contamination in agriculture products (Daniel et al 2011; Probst et al 2014; Oliveira et al 2017). Indonesia is a tropical country that has an ideal environment for the growth of Aspergillus flavus (Ginting and Rahmianna 2015; Nurtjahja et al 2019). Besides, low levels of farmers' knowledge and awareness influence increasing in aflatoxin contamination (Udomkun et al 2018).
This study aimed to determine the aflatoxin contamination in broiler feed at small scale broiler farms in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The results can be used to increase understanding and awareness related to aflatoxin contamination that is harmful to humans and animals.
This study was undertaken in four districts in Special Region of Yogyakarta (Figure 1). A total 40 broiler feed samples were collected for analyzing AFB1. The feeds ware collected from broiler farms to ensure feeds condition managed by farmers during the broiler period. Feed samples collected for analysis ranged from 1-2 kg. At the same time during farm visitation, the temperature and humidity were measured using a thermos-hygrometer (HTC-2 Thermometer Hygrometer). Districts geographical in Special Region of Yogyakarta are shown in Table 1.
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| Figure 1. Four districts of Special Region of Yogyakarta for feed sampling |
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Table 1. Districts geographical in Special Region of Yogyakarta (BPS-Statistics 2013) |
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District |
Geographical Region |
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Sleman |
Latitude 7° 34’ - 7° 47’
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Kulon progo |
Latitude 70o 38’– 70o 59’
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Bantul |
Latitude 7° 53’ – 17o 02’
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Gunung Kidul |
Latitude 7O 46’ - 8O 09’
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Aflatoxin B1 contamination in poultry feed was analyzed by an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Romer Labs Singapore Pte. Ltd.). A total of 1 kg samples were ground and kept in 2oC until analysis. Aflatoxin B1 was extracted from the feed following the manufacturer’s instruction by blending 50 g feed with 250 ml of 70% methanol. The sample was shaken or blend for 3 minutes. The supernatant was filtered through Whiteman No.1 filter paper. The absorbance of substrate samples was measured at 450 nm, using an ELISA reader.
Analysis of AFB1 contamination in broiler feed samples was compared with the maximum limit of AFB1 in broiler feed based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI), European Commission Recommendation (EU), and the Food and Drug Administration Regulatory Guidance for Toxins and Contamination of USA. Within SNI, the tolerance of AFB1 in broiler feed is 50 µg/kg (starter and grower phases), 20 µg/kg EU and USA standard. The difference in AFB1 contamination levels between districts in Special Region of Yogyakarta was analyzed with One-Way ANOVA.
The temperature and humidity in four districts in Special Region of Yogyakarta is shown in Table 2. The temperature and humidity did not differ in four districts. Indonesia is a tropical country with high temperature and humidity, thus supporting the growth of Aspergillus flavus in producing aflatoxin in many agricultural products (Noviandi et al 2001; Gruber-Dorninger et al 2019; Norlia et al 2019).
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Table 2. Temperature dan humidity in four districts in Special Region of Yogyakarta |
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District |
Temperature (oC) |
Humidity (%) |
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Gunung Kidul |
23-32 |
60-90 |
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Bantul |
23-32 |
60-90 |
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Sleman |
23-31 |
65-90 |
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Kulon Progo |
23-32 |
60-90 |
A. flavus could develop well in a proper environment to produce AFB1. Ideal temperature and humidity were main factors that would induce the enhancement of genes expression involved in the aflatoxin biosynthesis process (Abdel-Hadi et al 2011; Casquete et al 2017; Yunes et al 2019). Aflatoxin B1 can be produced optimally at a temperature of 20-30 oC and 90% humidity (Pertiwi et al 2015). The environment of Special Region of Yogykarta is perfect condition for Aspergillus growth in aflatoxins production.
The level of AFB1 contamination in feed on broiler farms in Special Region of Yogyakarta is presented in Table 3. Broiler feeds from several farms in Kulon Progo contained the highest AFB1 contamination level. However, these contaminations were not significantly different from Gunung Kidul and Bantul District. While the lowest AFB 1 contamination (p<0.05) was in Sleman District.
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Table 3. Aflatoxin B1 contamination level (µg/kg) in broiler feed in Special Region of Yogyakarta |
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District |
Number |
Mean |
SE |
95% Confidence Interval for Mean |
Min |
Max |
|
|
Lower Bound |
Upper Bound |
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Kulon Progo |
14 |
210b |
33.3 |
138 |
282 |
25.7 |
451 |
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Gunung Kidul |
14 |
191b |
30.8 |
124 |
257 |
44.1 |
474 |
|
Sleman |
5 |
79.6a |
29.8 |
15.2 |
144 |
40.6 |
168 |
|
Bantul |
7 |
195b |
28.2 |
126 |
264 |
104 |
332 |
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Total |
40 |
184 |
17.6 |
149 |
220 |
25.7 |
474 |
| a.b Different superscripts within a column indicate differences at p <0.05 | |||||||
The results of AFB1 analysis on feed samples in Special Region of Yogyakarta showed the level of AFB1 contamination exceeded the maximum level determined by SNI 50 µg/kg (SNI 2009) and the United States standard (20 µg/kg; Chen et al 2013). Contamination of AFB 1 in feed reaching levels above 100 µg/kg caused a decrease in body weight of 7-17% (Denli et al 2009; Neeff et al 2013; Chen et al 2014), utilization of nutrients by livestock were not optimum, and mortality of poultry was increasing (Cravens et al 2013). Moreover, AFB1 consumed by poultry could be a residue in meat and liver (Hussain et al 2010; Fan et al 2013). These food products would be harmful to humans if it was consumed because aflatoxin was accumulated in the body and caused cancer (Bodreddigari et al 2008; Woo et al 2011).
The aflatoxin contamination in feed during the distribution chain (Yu 2012; Bai et al 2015) and storage process (harvest to market) would increase. Management of incompatible handling causes an increase in aflatoxin contamination to reach 5-200 times greater when it was through middlemen, transportation, city traders and market (market place) (Kamika et al 2016). Many feed warehouse conditions in farmers were not standard and high possibility of aflatoxin-contaminated (Figure 2).
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| Figure 2. Feed warehouse condition in small scale of broiler farms in
Special Region of Yogyakarta. The feed was placed in poor management of warehouse in high humidity without proper air circulation |
Smallholder farmers were one of the factors causing increase aflatoxin contamination in feed. This was affected by the lack of knowledge and awareness about aflatoxin so that livestock management was not optimal. Aflatoxin contamination level would decrease if the implementation of distribution and storage management were handled well (Lee et al 2017; Marete et al 2019).
Collaborations for knowledge and technology dissemination between various parties including researchers, agricultural extension agents, stakeholders, government, and other farmers ware a method to prevent and reduce aflatoxin contamination level. The method could be started by applying a standard in the production chain sector involving seed systems and access, operational production, harvesting and processing, market operations, and utilization (Waliyar et al 2015, Udomkun et al 2017).
The authors would like to thank the Directorate-General for Science, Technology and Higher Education Resources, Ministry of Research and Technology/National Agency for Research and Innovation of the Republic of Indonesia for financial support of the research through Pendidikan Magister Menuju Doktor untuk Sarjana Unggul (PMDSU) scholarship.
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Received 2 February 2020; Accepted 28 February 2020; Published 1 April 2020