to inclusion level of BDG in the diet
to inclusion level of BDG in the diet
| Livestock Research for Rural Development 31 (12) 2019 | LRRD Misssion | Guide for preparation of papers | LRRD Newsletter | Citation of this paper |
This feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the performance of broilers fed on different levels of Brewers’ dried grain (BDG) and to determine the substitution level of BDG for toasted soybean (TSB) in the diet. Three hundred and fifteen (315) day-old unsexed Cobb 500 broiler chicks with average initial body weight of 44.7 ± 0.26 g were used for the experiment. Chicks were equally and randomly distributed in five dietary treatment groups in a completely randomized design. Each dietary treatment group consisted of 63 broiler chicken distributed in three replicate pens with 21 chicks in each replicate. Treatments were the replacement of TSB protein by BDG protein at 0 (BDG0), 46.5% (BDG13), 64.5% (BDG18), 82% (BDG23), and 100% (BDG28).
Brewers’ dried grain substituted toasted soybean protein with only a small decline in growth rate and feed conversion at the 46.5% level of substitution. Beyond this point the rate of decline in performance was markedly increased.
Key words: byproduct, chicken, feed conversion, growth rate
Ethiopia has a huge chicken population estimated to be 59 million of which 90.9%, 2.83% and 2.61% are indigenous, hybrid and exotics, respectively (CSA 2017). Even though the chicken population is huge, the national income derived from this sector of livestock farming and the per capita consumption is extremely low at about 43 eggs and 2 kg of chicken meat/year (GAIN 2015).
Shapiro et al (2015) suggested that if no investment is made in raising livestock productivity, the livestock Sector Analysis (LSA) for 2028 will have a deficit of 1,213,000 tonnes or 42% of the meat demand.
Feed availability in quality and quantity is the main challenge considered in the Ethiopian livestock road map to achieve the increased production plan. Ever-rising prices of feed ingredients are the greatest single item determining the profit margins in poultry farming especially in developing countries (Zewdu and Berhan 2014). Thus, it is necessary to look for alternative feedstuffs that can be substituted for imported conventional feeds like soybean.
Brewers’ dried grain (BDG) is one among these alternatives. BDG is produced as a byproduct in breweries and comprises 85% of the total by products on dry matter basis (Jovanka et al 2010). According to NRC (1994) brewers’ dried grain contain 25.3% protein, 6.3% fat and 2080 kcal/kg metabolizable energy (ME). Brewers’ dried grain is rich in essential amino acids: 0.9% lysine, 0.4% methionine, 0.4% tryptophan, 1.3% phenylalanine, 1.3% threonine and 1.6% valine (ARNAB 1989).
Reza et al (2013) reported that birds fed diets containing up to 20% BDG at the grower phase approached performance of the control birds. Amsalu et al (2004) reported that the inclusion rate of BDG up to 30% did not have significant effect on the dry matter feed intake while, higher feed conversion ratio was observed at ≥ 25% inclusion rate of BDG on RIR chicken.
Brewers’ factories are increasing in number in the Amhara region that result in substantial quality feed for poultry. As a result there have been research efforts on feeding of BDG for poultry. However, there is no research on substituting BDG for toasted soybean or of the level of substitution in broiler diets. Therefore, this experiment was conducted focusing on the following specific objectives.
· To investigate the performance of broilers fed on different levels of Brewers’ dried grain
· To determine the substitution level of BDG for toasted soybean in the broiler ration
The study was conducted at Andassa Livestock Research center (ALRC) using the poultry experimental house. ALRC is found in latitude and longitude, 11 ᵒ29̍ N and 37ᵒ29̍ E, with an altitude of 1730m above sea level based on GPS reading.
The research was in a completely randomized design. Three hundred and fifteen (315) unsexed day old (Cobb 500) broiler chicken were purchased from Elere private poultry farm at Debre Zeit and were transported to ALRC. Chicks were equally and randomly distributed in five dietary treatment groups. Each dietary treatment group consisted of 63 broiler chicken, distributed in three replicated pens with 21 chicks in each replicate.
The wet Brewers’ grain was purchased from Dashen Brewers’ at Gondar and was sun-dried on polythene sheet for five days with frequent turning . The other feed ingredients were purchased at Bahir Dar local market. Lysine, Methionine and vitamin premix were purchased from GASCO trading, Addis Ababa.
Five diets (Tables 1 and 2) were formulated by substitution of BDG for TSB for the starter and finisher diets. The substitution level was based on the calculation of their CP content. The diets were: substitution levels of TSB protein of 0, (BDG0), 46.5% (BDG13), 64.5% (BDG18), 82% (BDG23),and 100% (BDG28).
|
Table 1. Feed formulation for broiler starter ration with different levels of BDG |
|||||
|
BDG0 |
BDG13 |
BDG18 |
BDG23 |
BDG28 |
|
|
BDG |
0 |
13 |
18 |
23 |
28 |
|
DL-Methionine |
0.20 |
0.20 |
0.20 |
0.20 |
0.20 |
|
Lysine |
0.6 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
|
Lime stone |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
|
Maize |
58.5 |
56.1 |
54.7 |
52.4 |
52 |
|
Meat and Bone meal |
8.5 |
8.5 |
8.5 |
8.5 |
8.5 |
|
Noug seed cake |
8 |
8 |
8 |
8.5 |
8.5 |
|
Vitamin premix |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
|
Soybean toasted |
20 |
10.7 |
7.1 |
3.6 |
0 |
|
Wheat middling |
2.8 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
2 |
1 |
|
Salt |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
|
Total (100 kg) |
100.00 |
100.00 |
100.00 |
100.00 |
100.00 |
|
Calculated composition |
|||||
|
Dry matter % |
90.52 |
90.34 |
90.27 |
90.17 |
90.11 |
|
Crude protein % |
20.78 |
20.51 |
20.44 |
20.58 |
20.42 |
|
Ether extract % |
4.49 |
4.63 |
4.70 |
4.78 |
4.82 |
|
Crude fiber % |
5.53 |
6.22 |
6.49 |
6.88 |
7.14 |
|
M. Energy (kcal/kg) |
3294 |
3216 |
3186 |
3151 |
3121 |
|
Calcium % |
0.96 |
1.03 |
1.06 |
1.02 |
1.04 |
|
Phosphorus % |
0.49 |
0.50 |
0.51 |
0.51 |
0.52 |
|
Ctrl.= Control; BDG= Brewers’ Dried Grain; BDG0= 0% BDG and 20% TSB; BDG13= 13% BDG and 10.7% TSB; BDG18= 18% BDG and 7.1% TSB; BDG23= 23% BDG and 3.6% TSB; BDG28= 28% BDG and 0% TSB |
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|
Table 2. Feed formulation for broiler finisher ration with different levels of BDG |
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|
Feed ingredients |
BDG0 |
BDG13 |
BDG18 |
BDG23 |
BDG28 |
|
BDG |
0 |
13 |
18 |
23 |
28 |
|
DL meth |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
|
Lysine |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
|
Lime stone |
1.2 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
1.2 |
1 |
|
Maize |
65.4 |
62.4 |
61.8 |
58.9 |
58.3 |
|
Meat and Bone meal |
6.5 |
6.5 |
6.5 |
6.5 |
6.5 |
|
Noug seed cake |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
|
Vitamin Premix |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
|
Soybean toasted |
20 |
10.7 |
7.1 |
3.6 |
0 |
|
Wheat middling |
1.6 |
1 |
0.1 |
1 |
0.4 |
|
Salt |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
|
Total (100 kg) |
100.00 |
100.00 |
100.00 |
100 |
100 |
|
Calculated composition |
|||||
|
Dry matter % |
90.58 |
90.39 |
90.34 |
90.26 |
90.17 |
|
Crude protein % |
18.64 |
18.44 |
18.28 |
18.44 |
18.34 |
|
Ether extract % |
4.30 |
4.47 |
4.51 |
4.59 |
4.65 |
|
Crude fiber % |
4.65 |
5.35 |
5.61 |
5.99 |
6.27 |
|
M. Energy kcal/kg |
3396 |
3322 |
3288 |
3246 |
3232 |
|
Calcium % |
0.97 |
1.00 |
1.06 |
1.09 |
1.05 |
|
Phosphorus % |
0.44 |
0.46 |
0.46 |
0.46 |
0.47 |
|
Ctrl. G= Control Group; BDG= Brewers’ Dried Grain; BDG0= 0% BDG and 20% TSB; BDG13= 13% BDG and 10.7% TSB; BDG18= 18% BDG and 7.1% TSB; BDG23= 23% BDG and 3.6% TSB; BDG28= 28% BDG and 0% TSB |
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The concrete floor of the pens was covered with a litter of dried hay with 12 to 15 cm thickness. One infra-red lamp of 150 watt was fitted for each pen as a source of heat. Feeders and water fountains were placed in the pens one day before the entrance of chicks
The experiment was conducted for 42 days. Birds were fed with the broiler starter ration up to the 4th week of age and followed by a finisher ration up to 6th week of age. Water was available all the time. The feeds were given three times a day. Refusals were recorded every morning for the calculation of feed consumption. Marek’s vaccine at day old and routine vaccines against Newcastle and Gumboro diseases were given as per the manufacturers guide. Vitamins (Vita chick) were given after each vaccination.
Representative samples of the feed ingredients were analyzed for DM, N, EE, CF, NFE and ash using the procedure of AOAC (1990). The metabolizable energy (ME) contents of feed ingredients were calculated using the formula: ME (kcal/kg DM) = 3951 + 54.4 EE - 88.7 CF - 40.8 Ash (Wiseman 1987). Ca and P were analyzed at BDU food and chemical engineering laboratory using UV visible spectrophotometric method with the procedure of AOAC (1990).
Dry matter intake, initial weight and weekly live weights were recorded. The data were analyzed using GLM procedure of SAS version 9.0. Differences among treatments were determined using the Tukey test with significance level of 5%. The following linear model was used for analysis of quantitative data; Yij = μ + αi + еij; Where; Yij = the observation in ith treatment, μ = the overall mean measurement across all treatments, αi = the effect of ith treatment and еij = the random error. Cuadratic regression analysis was used to relate production responses to the percentage of BG in the diet.
|
Table 3. Proximate chemical composition of feed ingredients |
|||||
|
Ingredients |
|||||
|
TSB |
BDG |
Maize |
NSC |
WTMD |
|
|
Dry matter, % |
92 |
90 |
90 |
89 |
89 |
|
As % in DM |
|||||
|
Crude protein |
34.06 |
25.70 |
9.10 |
33.37 |
17.62 |
|
Ether extract |
5.46 |
6.20 |
3.34 |
2.20 |
5.80 |
|
Crud fiber |
6.78 |
19.77 |
3.33 |
18.00 |
3.33 |
|
Ash |
5.56 |
10.00 |
4.44 |
16.71 |
5.61 |
|
Nitrogen free extract |
48.14 |
46.99 |
79.79 |
21.06 |
67.64 |
|
Calcium |
0.20 |
0.70 |
0.02 |
0.70 |
0.06 |
|
Phosphorus |
0.28 |
0.37 |
0.22 |
0.16 |
0.16 |
|
Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg) |
3419 |
289 |
3656 |
1024 |
3742 |
|
DM= Dry matter; TSB= Toasted soybean; BDG= Brewers’ dried grain; NSC= Noug seed cake; WTMD= wheat middling |
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There were no differences (Table 4) among treatment in daily feed intake during the overall period of the study. Similar findings were reported by Amsalu et al (2004) and Zewdu and Berhan (2014). The daily live weight gain decreased with a curvilinear trend (R2 0.96) as the level of BDG was increased. The rate of decrease was small until the 46.5% substitution of soybean protein by BDG (Figure 1). Feed conversion followed a similar trend (Figure 2). However, beyond this level of substitution of soybean protein, the decline in growth performance and feed conversion was accentuated.
|
Table 4. Mean values for feed intake, weight changes and feed conversion for the overall period |
|||||||
|
Treatments |
SEM |
p |
|||||
|
BDG0 |
BDG13 |
BDG18 |
BDG23 |
BDG28 |
|||
|
DMI, g/d |
72.1 |
73.5 |
74.6 |
74.6 |
69.7 |
1.87 |
0.36 |
|
Initial BW, g |
43.9 |
44.0 |
45.4 |
45.4 |
44.7 |
0.57 |
0.245 |
|
Final BW, g |
1413a |
1381 a |
1329 a |
1286 a |
1099 b |
33.8 |
0.0005 |
|
ADG, g |
32.6 a |
31.8 a |
30.6a |
29.5 a |
25.1 b |
0.8 |
0.0005 |
|
DM FCR |
2.21 c |
2.31 cb |
2.45 cb |
2.53ab |
2.78a |
0.06 |
0.0007 |
|
a,ab,b means with in a raw with different superscripts are significantly different; DMI=Daily Dry matter Intake; BW= Body Weight; ADG= Average Daily Gain;DM FCR= DM Feed Conversion Ratio; g=Gram; b= Bird; SEM= Standard Error of Mean; TSB= Toasted Soybean; BDG= Brewers’ dried grain; BDG0=0% BDG and 20% TSB; BDG13= 13% BDG and 10.7% TSB; BDG18= 18% BDG and 7.1% TSB; BDG23= 23% BDG and 3.6% TSB; BDG28= 28% BDG and 0% TSB |
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| |
| Figure 1. Daily live weight gain of broilers according to inclusion level of BDG in the diet |
Figure 2. DM feed conversion of broilers according to inclusion level of BDG in the diet |
These results are broadly in agreement with reports from other researchers (FAO 2005; Denstadli et al 2010; Hussaini et al 2010; Reza et al (2013).
The trend curves can help the farmer to decide the most appropriate degree of substitution of soybean by BDG according to prices of the respective feeds and the value of the live weight gain.
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Received 17 August 2019; Accepted 3 November 2019; Published 2 December 2019