| Livestock Research for Rural Development 30 (6) 2018 | Guide for preparation of papers | LRRD Newsletter | Citation of this paper |
Livestock breeding in West Africa is hampered by ticks and tick-borne diseases and Ivory Coast is not exempted. Several studies have focused on the identification of the tick species of Ivory Coast. However, no study has been carried out at the Port-Bouët cattle market. This market receives livestock from neighbouring countries, some of which are transhumant in northern Ivory Coast. A study was conducted in October 2015 and 2016 in this cattle market. There were 100 cattle, 110 sheep and 102 goats sampled in this cattle market to screen for the tick populations infesting livestock. The direct visual search technique was used to sort-out the prevailing tick species. Species identification was effected using standard keys.
At the livestock market in Port-Bouët, 72 ticks were collected from cattle including 61 (84.7%) of adult ticks represented by six species and two subspecies and nymphs [11 (15.3%)]. In sheep, 155 ticks including adults [138 (89.03%)] divided into six species and two subspecies of ticks, nymphs [12 (7.74%)] and larvae [5 (3.22%)] were collected. In goats, 191 ticks were collected with adults [169 (88.48%)] divided into two species, larvae [21 (12.43%)] and nymph [1 (0.52 %)]. Ticks and tick-borne pathogens, some of which are zoonotic could be a major impediment to livestock development and constitute a public health problem. This study therefore presents baseline information for the surveillance and management of ticks and tick-borne diseases.
Keywords: disease, livestock, parasites
Ticks are considered as ectoparasites with the greatest impact on livestock production worldwide (FAO 2010). Jorgensen et al (1992) linked the importance of ticks to their ability to transmit a broad spectrum of pathogenic organisms such as protozoa, rickettsiae, spirochetes and viruses. Although tick-borne diseases are a global problem, they are more numerous and have a greater impact on livestock in the tropics and subtropics. The main tick-borne diseases in tropical and subtropical cattle are babesiosis, anaplasmosis, theileriosis and cowdriosis (Komoin-Oka et al 2004, Rhalem and Sahibi 2007). All these diseases are economically important, causing not only serious losses every year, affecting milk and meat production, inducing abortions and often causing mortality, but also results in considerable costs due to control measures (Teglas et al 2005, Bouhous et al 2011).
Tick infestation also causes physical damage from bites that are prone to myiasis. Sores resulting from tick-bites are pathways for secondary infection with bacteria and fungi as well as screw-worms (FAO 2010). In an animal undergoing significant infestation, weight loss can reach 15 to 20 kg. In the tropics, stunting and mortalities of up to 6.12% have been reported in non-weaned lambs and 20% in weaned lambs (Farougou et al 2007). As a result, they hinder the development and productivity of livestock in several regions of the world, particularly in African countries. Ivory Coast, a West African coastal country, does not have a strong pastoral tradition, but it does not escape from this reality. Parasitism by ticks and haemoparasites is a major constraint to livestock development, which, despite the efforts of the state for several decades to meet up with the national meat production deficiency (Yapi 2007), the impact of ticks on livestock still remains and drastically reduces productivity. Ivory Coast therefore depends on livestock supply from the Sahelo-Sudanian region (Diallo 2007). Also, some breeders in countries such as Burkina-Faso and Mali bring their herds to Ivory Coast specifically to the livestock market in Port-Bouët to sell them (Keita 2007). Several studies on the main ticks encountered on cattle have been carried out in Ivory Coast; however, knowledge on the species diversity of ticks in the cattle market in Port-Bouët is still unknown. An inventory was conducted in this market to identify the tick species infesting ruminants.
The cattle market is located in the municipality of Port-Bouët in Abidjan (Figure 1). The climate of the city of Abidjan is a sub-equatorial type, hot and humid, characterized by two rainy seasons (September to October and April to July) interspersed by two dry seasons (July to August and November to March). The temperature oscillates between 25 and 33 ° C with a heavy rainfall of more than 1500 mm of rain per year. In recent years, there has been a disturbance in the rain patterns and consequently seasons, following the global warming of the earth (Anonymous 2005). This market is the source of livestock meat supply in the district of Abidjan, it has a surface area of 3.2 hectares and common livestock of this market consist of cattle, sheep and goats.
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| Figure 1. Location of the study site |
Most of the animals brought to the cattle market of Port-Bouët originated from different neighbouring countries, mainly Burkina Faso and Mali. Also, some other groups originate from Niger, Chad and Liberia. For cattle, the breeds encountered were zebu and metis and were considered in the study. Sheep belonged to the species Ovis aries (Linneaus 1758). The sheep seen were of the following local breeds: Sahelian, Djalonke, and Metis. Goats encountered were Capra hircus (Linnaeus 1758).The study was carried out on local goat breeds: Sahelian, Djalonke, Poulinke, Metis and Tolobe. Sheep encountered were stratified into-lamb, young and adult and goats into: kids, hoggets and adults. All encountered ruminant species of both sexes were randomly sampled. In goats, 102 individuals were selected from seven pens averaging 14 heads per pen; while in sheep, 110 individuals were selected from five pens averaging 20 heads per pen. For cattle, the choice was made on cattle over one year old in 20 herds with an average of five cattle per herd.
The collection of ticks on cattle was carried out on all the anatomical parts of the restrained animals. Tick collection was carried out using the method described by Parola and Raoult (2001). The mouthparts of the tick pressed into the skin of the animal were held with forceps and the tick pulled in the axis to prevent the rostrum from being damaged or remaining in the skin of the animal. They were put into well labeled collection tubes containing 70 % ethyl alcohol. Ten (10) minutes was allocated per animal for tick examination. For each animal thoroughly searched, all the ticks were collected into tubes bearing information on the animal's code, date of collection and place of collection. In addition to this information, a survey form was sent to the owners to know the origin of the animals examined (country, region, locality), as well as other information such as the different treatments used against ectoparasites etc. Tick specimens were sent to the laboratory for species identification.
The ticks of each collection tube were first sorted to separate the larvae, nymphs and adults. A second sorting enabled classification according to the different genera, species and subspecies. A count of individuals from each developmental stage was made. The analysis continued with the identification of adult stages using a 10X and 20X magnification of a dissecting microscope by referring to the identification keys of Walker et al (2003) and Meddour-Boudera and Meddour (2006). Identification of the genera was based on the morphological traits of certain parts of the tick’s body (rostrum, eyes, festons). Species identification was based on certain morphological criteria (punctuation of the scutum, coloring of the legs, shape of the stigmas, characteristics of the furrows, festons, eyes and dentition).
Data analysis was done using the XLSTAT software of version 2016. The abundance (A) of each species was calculated using the following formula:
The principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to compare the association of the observed tick species with ruminant species.
Of the 72 ticks collected, 61 (84.7%) were adults and nymphs [11 (15.3%)]. No larvae were collected from the cattle examined. These ticks belonged to three genera and were represented by six species and two subspecies. The genus Amblyomma was represented by one species:Amblyomma variegatum Fabricius 1794. The genus Rhipicephalus was represented by two species Rhipicephalus lunutatus Neumann 1907 and Rhipicephalus guilhoni Morel and Vassiliades 1963. The subgenus Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) was represented by a single species: Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Canestrini 1888. The genus Hyalomma was represented by four species: Hyalomma truncatum Koch 1844, Hyalomma impressum Koch 1844 and two subspecies of Hyalomma marginatum: Hyalomma marginatum marginatum Koch 1844, Hyalomma marginatum rufipes Koch 1844 and Hyalomma impeltatum Schulze and Schlottke 1930. In terms of the abundance of adult ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was the most dorminant (70.8%). Other tick species were poorly represented with less than 5% of the total number of ticks collected. The nymphs of Rhipicephalus Boophilus sp occupied 15.3% of the total number of tick collected (Figure 2).
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| Figure 2. Species of ticks collected from cattle |
Of the 101 sheep examined, 155 ticks including adults [138 (89.03%)], nymphs [12 (7.74%)] and larvae [5 (3.22%)] were collected. Six species and two sub species of ticks belonging to three genera were identified. The genus Amblyomma was represented by a single species Amblyomma variegatum, whose proportion in the population of ticks collected was 0.65%. Rhipicephalus sanguineus was the dominant species consisting of 63.87% of the tick population collected. Three species of the subgenus Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) were identified Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus (9.03%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (8.39%) and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) geigyi (1.94%). Hyalomma spp found on sheep was Hyalomma impeltatum with two subspecies of Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma marginatum marginatum and Hyalomma marginatum rufipes with relatively low proportions: 2.58%, 1.94% and 0.65% respectively (Table 1).
Of the 101 goats examined, 191 ticks were collected with adults (169), larvae (21) and nymph (1). Two tick species belonging to two genera (Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma) were collected:Rhipicephalus sanguineus (which was the most dominant species) and Hyalomma impeltatum with 76.96% and 11.52% respectively of the total number of ticks collected (Table 1). No species of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) was identified on goats.
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Table 1. Percentage composition of tick species collected from goats and sheep |
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Goat, n (%) |
Sheep, n(%) |
|
|
Amblyomma variegatum |
0 |
1 (0.65) |
|
Hyalomma impeltatum |
22 (11.52) |
4 (2.58) |
|
Hyalomma marginatum marginatum |
0 |
3 (1.94) |
|
Hyalomma marginatum rufipes |
0 |
1 (0.65) |
|
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus |
0 |
14 (9.03) |
|
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) geigyi |
0 |
3 (1.94) |
|
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus |
0 |
13 (8.39) |
|
Rhipicephalus sangineus |
147 (76.96) |
99 (63.87) |
|
Rhipicephalus spp (nymphs) |
1 (0.52) |
12 (7.74) |
|
Larvae |
21 (10.99) |
5 (3.23) |
|
Total |
191 |
155 |
From the PCA, axes 1 and 2 with 84.67% and 15.33% contribution represent 100% of the independence gap. The relationship between tick species and ruminant breeds is illustrated in Figure 3. Rows represent the species of ticks encountered and columns represent ruminants (bovine, goat and sheep). The association between the modalities of these entities is statistically significant (Chi2 = 312.28, degree of freedom = 22, P <0.01). Cattle represented on the graph (cos2 = 0.99), strongly contributed to the construction of the first axis (80.7%). The latter is characterized by five species of ticks (Rhipicephalus guilhoni,Rhipicephalus lunutatus, Amblyomma variegatum,Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus).Hyalomma marginatum marginatum, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) geigyi) were more associated with sheep. Hyalomma impeltatum which was rarely seen in cattle was most noticeable in goats.
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| Figure 3. Association of ruminants (cattle, goat and sheep) with tick species |
Three types of ticks were identified in the study area. The genus Rhipicephalus was the predominant followed by Hyalomma and Amblyomma. These three types of ticks infesting livestock have also been identified in Ivory Coast by Touré et al (2014). Rhipicephalus is mostly found in wet areas. This type of tick is widespread in southern Sudan and Guinean West Africa (Morel 1969). It has been found in Burkina Faso (Ouédraogo 1975) and Senegal (Niang 1998; Bitar 1998), in Ivory Coast (Keita 2007) on cattle. The genus Hyalomma is a tick of the sub-desert zone and it is responsible for the transmission of theleiriose in cattle (Mans et al 2015; El Haj et al 2002). Hyalomma sp. lives in warm, arid and semi-arid biotopes, generally low-plains at mid-altitude and those with long and dry seasons (Merck 2008).The genus Amblyomma is a subspecies linked to ruminants in West Africa. These observations were made by Madder et al (2012) and Adakal (2013).
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was the most dorminant species in the study site. After its discovery by Madder et al (2007) in Ivory Coast in the south-eastern Azaguié region of this country, this species has proliferated and is found in all compartments of the study area. This is because this species has a high invasion capacity because it competes with indigenous species including Amblyomma variegatum. Also, it progressively replaced R. (B.) annulatus, R. (B.) decoloratus and R. (B.) geigyi. These observations were made by Madder et al (2011) and Touré et al (2012 and 2014). These authors reported that Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus had a high invasion capacity. The subgenus Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) collected from cattle and sheep has not yet been recovered from goats. Indeed, the work of Laamri et al (2012) and Gueye et al (1987) on goats did not report the existence of this subgenus as ticks of goats. Several studies in West Africa on Amblyomma variegatum have shown the predominance of this species and the importance of cowdriosis in the sub-region (Kaboré et al 1998, Koney et al 1994, Farougou et al 2006). However, in Ivory Coast since the advent of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Amblyomma variegatum is no longer the dominant tick in the northern regions. Relative numbers of tick species such as Hyalomma impeltatum, Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, Hyalomma marginatum marginatum and Hyalomma impressum are low. These ticks usually live on livestock and are distributed between the heights of 100 and 1000 mm according to Camicas et al (1998) and Walker et al (2003). These tick species live in dry areas. This may explain their small numbers in these areas below the height of 1000 mm.
On goats as well as sheep, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (71.09%) was dominant. The abundance of this species can be explained by the promiscuous behavior of its small ruminant vertebrate hosts with stray or guard dogs (Fahmy et al 1981). R. sanguineus is the dog's main tick. The overall small ruminant infestation rate (54.45%) was much higher than that observed by Chabi-Touri (1999) and Tassou (2009) who recorded 36.79% for this species in the Alibori division in Benin. The tick infestation rates of 55.45% and 51.49% in goats and sheep respectively was higher than those of Salifou et al (2004) which were 25.12% and 10.31% for sheep and goats respectively in South Benin. This high infestation rate in the livestock market could be explained by the low number of animals sampled (101 goats and 101 sheep were examined in this study against 987 goats 417 goats in previous studies) (Tassou 2009). Small ruminants examined at the cattle market were much more infested than cattle. Also, the work carried out by Aké-Bogni (2014) on cattle showed that ticks collected along the transhumance corridor were more numerous than those collected in the Port-Bouët cattle market. This could be explained by the problems encountered in harvesting ticks on cattle in the cattle market environment. The difficulties were related to the lack of helping hands to restrain the cattle for tick collection. Also, the cattle sent to the livestock market were intended either for sale or for the renewal of the herd. These cattle were therefore selected and only cattle with good physical health were retained. They were also treated with acaricides to rid them of ticks in order to improve their economic value.
Ticks are the most important ectoparasites of livestock in the tropics and subtropics. They cause a significant drop in productivity and weaken the general health of animals.
The present study identified three genera Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma and Amblyomma on small ruminants and cattle at the Port-Bouët cattle market. Seven species of ticks were identified on sheep and cattle and two species on goats.
Rhipicephalus Boophilus microplus was the most dominant species on cattle and Rhipicephalus sanguineus in small ruminants.
It would be important to continue with investigations on tick species observed on livestock in order to understand the impact of livestock supply to the Port-Bouët cattle market from neighboring countries on the tick species distribution in the south part of the country.
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Received 9 March 2018; Accepted 14 May 2018; Published 1 June 2018