| Livestock Research for Rural Development 30 (4) 2018 | Guide for preparation of papers | LRRD Newsletter | Citation of this paper |
The aim of the current experiment was to determine the effect of inclusion of carob kibbles on growth performance and chemical composition of the mirror carp fingerlings. The effect of inclusion of carob kibbles into diets had a significant (P<0.001) effect on the growth performance of mirror carp fingerlings. Final body weight (FiBW) ranged from 22.95 to 27.8 g. The inclusion of carob kibbles up to 150 g/kg DM has no significant (P>0.05) effect on the FiBW of mirror carp fingerlings, but after this point, FiBW of mirror carp fingerlings significantly (P<0.001) decreased. There was a similar trend in live weight gain (LWG) of mirror carp fingerlings. The LWG ranged from 14.3 to 19.2 g. The LWG of mirror carp fingerlings fed with diets 4 and 5 was significantly lower than the others. There was also similar trend in feed intake (FI) of mirror carp fingerlings. The FI of mirror carp fingerlings ranged from 22.32 to 25.4 g. The FI of mirror carp fingerlings fed with diets 1, 2 and 3 was significantly (P<0.001) higher than the others. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) of mirror carp fingerlings ranged from 1.33 to 1.57. The FCR of mirror carp fingerlings fed with diets 1 and 2 was significantly (P<0.001) higher than those fed with diet 4 and 5. On the other hand there is no significant (P>0.05) differences among diets in terms of specific growth rate (SGR) of mirror carp fingerlings. The dry matter (DM) contents of mirror carp fingerlings ranged from 24.3 to 26.8 %. The DM contents of mirror carp fingerlings fed with diet 2 was significantly higher the others. The crude protein (CP) content of mirror carp fingerlings ranged from 13.3 to 13.5 %. The CP content of mirror carp fingerlings fed with diet 4 was significantly higher than the others. There are no significant differences among fingerlings in terms of ether extract (EE) and crude ash (CA) contents. Carob kibbles has potential as an alternative carbohydrate feed ingredient and can be included into mirror carp fingerlings up to 150 g/kg DM without any adverse effects on the growth performance, FI, FCR ratio and body composition.
Key words: carp fingerlings growth performance, chemical composition, feed intake
Although cereals such as corn and wheat grains are the most commonly used energy supplying nutrients in fish nutrition (Markovic et al 2016), the use of alternative locally available carbohydrate sources can have significant influence on carp culture in terms of economic perspective (Keshavanath et al. 2002). Generally fishes have the ability to make use of carbohydrates as an energy source, so the inclusion of locally available cheap carbohydrate sources into fish diets may reduce the cost and improve the quality of fish diets (Keshavanath et al. 2002). Carob kibbles are the remaining pulp obtained after removal of the seeds. Carob kibbles are the one of by-products produced during carob processing industry in Turkey. The use of carob kibbles in livestock nutrition is limited due to lack of information about the chemical composition and nutritive value. Carob kibbles are rich in water soluble carbohydrate and condensed tannin (Karabulut et al. 2006). There is now significant attention devoted to look for cheap and locally available feed sources for fish nutrition (Buyukcapar et al. 2012, Buyukcapar and Kamalak, 2007, Onculokur et al. 2014, Kirecci et al. 2014, Oruc et al, 2016).
Although there are considerable amount of studies carried out to the effect of substituting of fish and soybean meal with alternative protein sources in mirror carp fingerlings, there are limited studies about the effect of substituting of cereals with alternative carbohydrate sources in mirror carp fingerlings (Buyukcapar et al. 2012, Buyukcapar and Kamalak, 2007, Onculokur et al. 2014, Kirecci et al. 2014, Oruc et al, 2016). Therefore the aim of the current experiment was to determine the possibilities of substituting carob kibbles for maize grain in a complete diet for mirror carp fingerlings.
Carop kibbles were obtained from Incom Company in Mersin Turkey and ground to pass 1 mm screen to mix into the fingerlings diet.
Carob kibbles and other feed ingredients were analyzed for DM, CP, CA, EE and cellulose using the methods described by AOAC (1990). Condensed tannin (CT) contents of samples were determined by butanol-HCl method as described by Makkar et al (1995). All chemical analyses of samples were carried out in triplicate.
Mirror carp fingerlings transferred from broad stock held at the State Hydraulic Works in Adana, Turkey to a 250 L fiberglass tank and fed with a diet with 13.54 MJ ME/kg DM and 35% of CP/kg DM until they reached a body weight of approximately 8 g. At the start of the experiment, this diet was replaced by the experimental diets. Fingerlings with comparable weight were randomly allocated at a stocking rate of 10 fish per aquaria with 80 L capacity maintained at approximately 26 0C, pH 7.0, dissolved oxygen 7.8 mg/L. Water quality was maintained using a biological filter and electronic heater. Water was recirculated through the filter at a rate of 5 L/min. Additional aeration was provided by inflator. . Each experimental diet was tested in triplicates. All fish were fed by hand twice a day at a fixed feeding rate of 3% of body weight per day for 60 days.
Five iso-nitrogenous and iso-kaloric diets were formulated to evaluate the effect of replacement of carob kibbles with maize grain on Mirror carp fingerlings using the feed ingredients given in Table 1.
|
Table 1. Ingredients, chemical composition, energy and protein contents of experimental diets (g/kg DM ) |
|||||
|
Ingredients |
0 |
75 |
150 |
225 |
300 |
|
Fish meal |
350 |
350 |
350 |
350 |
350 |
|
Soybean meal |
250 |
250 |
250 |
250 |
250 |
|
Maize grain |
300 |
225 |
150 |
75 |
0 |
|
Carob kibbles |
0 |
75 |
150 |
225 |
300 |
|
Sunflower oil |
89 |
89 |
89 |
89 |
89 |
|
DCP |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Vit-Min |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
Salt |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Methionine |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
|
Lysine |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
|
Total |
1000 |
1000 |
1000 |
1000 |
1000 |
|
CP |
386 |
386 |
385 |
385 |
384 |
|
EE |
141 |
140 |
139 |
138 |
137 |
|
Cellulose |
40.7 |
41.5 |
42.4 |
43.2 |
44.1 |
|
CT |
0 |
6.65 |
13.3 |
20.0 |
26.6 |
|
GE |
20.4 |
20.4 |
20.4 |
20.4 |
20.4 |
|
DCP : Di calcium phosphate,
Vit-Min : Vitamin and Mineral premix, (
5 kg vitamin-mineral premix: 20.000.000 IU vitamin A,
2.00.000 IU vitamin D3, 200.000 mg vitamin E, 12.000 mg
vitamin K3, 20.000 mg vitamin B1,
30.000 mg vitamin B2, 200.000 mg niacin, 50.000
mg Ca-panthothenate, 20.000 mg vitamin B
6, 50 mg vitamin B12,
500 mg D-biotin, 1.200 mg folic acid, 200.000 mg vitamin
C and 300.000 mg inositol.1.200.000 mg cholin chlorite,
40.000 mg manganese 30.000 mg Zn, 800 mg Cu, 1.000 mg
iodine, 150 mg Selenium, 40.000 mg magnesium)
|
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Growth performance was evaluated as body LWG, FCR and SGR as follows:
LWG = FiW (g) – inW (g)
FCR = Fi (g) / LWG (g)
SGR = 100 x (ln FiW (g) - ln inW)
FI g per fish = total feed consumption (g) per aquaria)/ (number of fish per aquaria)
At the end of trial, three fish per aquarium were sampled to determine the whole body composition using the methods described by AOAC (1990).
One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the effect of inclusion of carob kibbles on FiBW, LWG, SGR, FI and chemical composition of the mirror carp fingerlings. Significance between individual means was identified using the Tukey’s multiple range tests. Mean differences were considered significant at p<0.05.
There was no rejection of experimental diets until the end of experimental period. The acceptability of experimental diets was more or less similar. No mortality or any signs of diseases were observed in any experimental diets.
The effect of inclusion of carob kibbles into diets had a significant (P<0.001) effect on the growth performance of mirror carp fingerlings (Table 2). The FiBW ranged from 22.95 to 27.8 g. The inclusion of carob kibbles up to 150 g/kg DM has no significant (P>0.05) effect on the FiBW of mirror carp fingerlings, but after this point, FiBW of mirror carp fingerlings significantly (P<0.001) decreased. There was a similar trend in LWG of mirror carp fingerlings. The LWG ranged from 14.3 to 19.2 g. The LWG of mirror carp fingerlings fed with diet 4 and 5 was significantly lower than the others.
There was also similar trend in FI of mirror carp fingerlings. The FI of mirror carp fingerlings ranged from 22.32 to 25.4 g. The FI of mirror carp fingerlings fed with diets 1, 2 and 3 was significantly (P<0.001) higher than the others.
The FCR of mirror carp fingerlings ranged from 1.33 to 1.57. The FCR of mirror carp fingerlings fed with diets 1 and 2 was significantly (P<0.001) higher than those fed with diet 4 and 5. On the other hand there is no significant (P>0.05) differences among diets in terms of SGR of mirror carp fingerlings. The FCR of mirror carp fingerlings obtained in the current experiment was consistent with findings of Buyukcapar and Kamalak (2007) who reported that the FCR of mirror carp fingerlings ranged from 1.4 to 2.0.
The reduction in FI and FCR with increasing level of carob kibbles is possibly associated with increase in the condensed tannin of diets. As can be seen from Table 1, the condensed tannin content of diets increased with increasing level of carob kibbles in the diets. Condensed tannins may form a less digestible complex with dietary proteins and may bind and inhibit the endogenous protein, such as digestive enzymes (Kumar and Singh 1984). As a result of formation of complex can lead to decrease in digestibility of protein and retardation in growth of mirror carp fingerlings. Therefore the negative effect of condensed tannin can be eliminated to some extend with heat treatment of tannin containing feed ingredients (Buyukcapar et al 2012)
On the other hand the SGR of mirror carp fingerlings obtained in the current experiment was higher than those found by Buyukcapar et al (2012) reported that the FCR of mirror carp fingerlings ranged from 0.71 to 1.57 but lower than those found by Buyukcapar and Kamalak (2007) who reported that the FCR of mirror carp fingerlings ranged from 1.5 to 2.3.
|
Table 2. Ingredients, chemical composition, energy and protein contents of experimental diets |
|||||||
|
Ingredients |
0 |
75 |
150 |
225 |
300 |
SEM |
p |
|
InBW |
8.61 |
8.71 |
8.69 |
8.66 |
8.69 |
0.157 |
0.973 |
|
FiBW |
27.8a |
29.0a |
26.48a |
23.5b |
23.0b |
0.670 |
<0.001 |
|
LWG |
19.2a |
18.2a |
17.8a |
14.9b |
14.3b |
0.751 |
<0.001 |
|
FI |
25.4a |
24.6a |
24.4a |
22.4b |
22.3b |
0.313 |
<0.001 |
|
FCR |
1.33b |
1.35b |
1.38ab |
1.51a |
1.57a |
0.064 |
0.014 |
|
SGR |
1.95 |
1.88 |
1.85 |
1.66 |
1.61 |
0.172 |
0.301 |
|
abc Row means with common superscripts do not differ (p>0.05); SEM: Standard error mean In BW: Initial body weigth, Fi BW: Final body weigth, LWG: Live body weigth, FI: Feed intake, FCR: Feed conversion ratio, SGR: Specific growth rate |
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The effect of carob kibbles on the body composition of mirror carp fingerlings is given in Table 3. The DM contents of mirror carp fingerlings ranged from 24.3 to 26.8 %. The DM contents of mirror carp fingerlings fed with diet 2 was significantly higher the others.
The DM contents of mirror carp fingerlings obtained in the current experiment was consistent with finding of Buyukcapar et al (2012) who reported that DM contents of fingerlings ranged from 24.4 to 25.5 %.
The CP content of mirror carp fingerlings ranged from 13.3 to 13.5 %. The CP content of mirror carp fingerlings fed with diet 4 was significantly higher than the others. The CP contents of mirror carp fingerlings obtained in the current experiment was consistent with finding of Buyukcapar et al (2012) who reported that CP contents of fingerlings ranged from 14.6 to 16.3 %.
There are no significant differences among fingerlings in terms of EE and CA contents. The EE contents of mirror carp fingerlings obtained in the current experiment was lower than those reported by Buyukcapar and Kamalak (2007) who reported that EE contents of fingerlings ranged from 9.5 to 13.3 %. On the other hand the EE contents of mirror carp fingerlings obtained in the current experiment was slightly higher than those reported by Buyukcapar et al (2012).
The CA contents of mirror carp fingerlings obtained in the current experiment was lower than those reported by Buyukcapar and Kamalak (2007) and Buyukcapar et al (2012) who reported that CA ranged from 1.6 to 2,3% and 2.2 to 2.6 % respectively. The differences among the studies are possibly associated with differences in diets used.
As can be seen from Table 3, there is no any trend with inclusion level of carob kibbles as in some of the growth performance
|
Table 3. Effect of carob kibbles on the body composition of mirror carp fingerlings |
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|
Parameters |
Diet 1 |
Diet 2 |
Diet 3 |
Diet 4 |
Diet 5 |
SEM |
p |
|
DM |
24.3b |
26.8a |
25.40b |
24.8b |
25.0b |
0.422 |
0.002 |
|
CP |
13.3b |
13.5ab |
13.3b |
14.5a |
13.3b |
0.303 |
0.011 |
|
EE |
8.6 |
9.8 |
9.00 |
8.93 |
9.60 |
0.442 |
0.097 |
|
CA |
1.22 |
1.26 |
1.46 |
1.46 |
1.53 |
0.104 |
0.050 |
|
abc Row means with common superscripts do not differ (p>0.05); SEM: Standard error mean In BW: Initial body weigth, Fi BW: Final body weigth, LWG: Live body weigth, FI: Feed intake, FCR: Feed conversion ratio, SGR: Specific growth rate |
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Carob kibbles has potential as an alternative carbohydrate feed ingredient and can be included into mirror carp fingerlings up to 150 g/kg DM without any adverse effects on the growth performance, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and body composition.
This study was supported by Research Fund of University of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam (Project No: BAP 2013/4-23M)
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Received 23 June 2017; Accepted 24 December 2017; Published 1 April 2018