| Livestock Research for Rural Development 27 (12) 2015 | Guide for preparation of papers | LRRD Newsletter | Citation of this paper |
A straight feeding trial was carried out to assess the nutritive value of enzyme supplemented cassava plant meal (ESCPM) on the growth performance, organ weights and economics of production of broiler chickens. Five diets were formulated to contain 0% cassava plant meal (CPM), 20% CPM with 100 mg/kg roxazyme G2G, 20% CPM with 200 mg/kg roxazyme G2G, 40% CPM with 100 mg/kg roxazyme G2G and 40% CPM with 200 mg/kg roxazyme G2G. Two hundred and fifty day-old broiler chicks Marshal breed were randomly distributed to the 5 treatments replicated 5 times each at 10 birds per replicate to make a total of 50 birds per treatment. Feeds and water were served ad-libitum. Records were taken on daily feed intake and weekly weight changes. At the end of the 56th day, 5 birds per replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered for carcass evaluation and relative organ weights determination.
Birds fed 20 and 40% (ESCPM) recorded higher weight gain with an improvement by 8.3-16.7% compared with birds fed the control (0% CPM). Birds fed ESCPM at the rate of 100 mg/kg supplementation efficiently utilized their diets for faster growth when compared with those fed at the rate of 200 mg/kg supplementation. Among the carcass and relative organ weights determined, the liver, kidney and gizzard of broilers fed ESCPM were higher than those fed the control.
Economics of production revealed that feeding broiler chickens on ESCPM at 20 and 40% as replacement for maize is economically viable.
Key words: broiler chickens, cassava plant meal, roxazyme G2G
High cost of conventional energy and protein sources has been the major limitations to profitable poultry production in Nigeria. The chief energy supplier in livestock feed manufacturing is maize while soybean remains the major plant protein source. These two ingredients are also of great importance in infant weaning food formula (Agbede and Aletor 2003; Agbede 2006). Although, other cereals by products such as millet offal, sorghum offal, rice bran had at one time or the other used in place of maize in animal feed (Oladunjoye and Ojebiyi 2010; Ogunsipe and Agbede 2012). The sup optimal use of these ingredients in livestock feed production could be attributed to their anti-nutritional factors (Akande et al 2010). Barley and wheat are noted to be high in soluble non starch polysaccharides (NSPs) (Knudsen and Munck 1985; Buchanan et al 2007; Hossain et al 2011; Zilic et al 2011), which increase intestinal viscosity, thereby impairing nutrient absorption in the small intestine (Abudabos, 2010; Lattimer and Haub 2010) while guinea corn is high in tannin (Odumodu 1992; Oyetayo and Ogunrotimi 2012). Consequent upon these limitations, maize remains the major feedstuff as energy source in poultry feeds in Nigeria. For these reasons, the price of maize has gone so high making its use in livestock feed uneconomical. To this end, there is greater need to look for other alternative feed sources that can conveniently and economically replace maize without compromising animal performance in terms of weight gain and health status.
Cassava plants (discarded small tubers, tender stems and leaves) are wastes generated after harvesting the root. Cassava plants are low in crude protein ranging between 4.8-8.2% (Oluremi and Nwosu 2002; Oboh 2006; Aro and Aletor 2012) and high in crude fibre ranging between 10.0-38.4% (Akinfala and Tewe, 2001; Akinfala et al 2002; Oboh 2006; Aro and Aletor 2012). Some processing methods such as fermentation (Oboh and Akindahunsi 2003; Obadina et al 2006; Aro et al 2008), soaking (Oluremi and Nwosu 2002), avizymeŽ 1300 supplementation (Adesehinwa et al 2008) had been used to enrich the nutrient status of cassava wastes. It is noted that documented information is still scanty on the use of roxazyme G2G, a fibre degrading enzyme, on the utilization of fibrous cassava plant. Thus, the thrust of this study was to improve the utilization of cassava plant by broiler chickens through enzyme supplementation.
Cassava plants used for this study were collected fresh from the University environs. The discarded tubers and tender stems were chopped and sun-dried for about 8 days on a tarpaulin spread on concrete floor while the leaves were air dried to retain the greenish colour. The mixture of ratio 5 : 3 : 1 by weight of discarded tubers : tender stems : leaves, respectively were milled using hammer mill.
The dried and milled cassava plant and the experimental diets were analyzed as described by AOAC (2002) methods. Phytate was quantified as described by Young and Greaves (1940) while tannin was according to Makkar and Goodchild (1996). Cyanide determination was by the method of Rao et al (1997) while oxalate was by the method of Baker and Silverton (1985).
Aside from the transportation and processing cost, the cassava plants were collected free. Other feeding ingredients were purchased from Grace of God Feed Mill, Oka, Ondo-Ore Ring Road, Ondo. The day-old chicks were purchased from TUNS-farm, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria, and the enzyme (Roxazyme G2G) was obtained free from Nutrivitas Ltd., Plot 33 Mobolaji Johnson Road, Eleganza Industrial Building, Oregun, Lagos, Nigeria.
The diets were prepared in the Nutrition Laboratory of the Department of Animal Production and Health, The Federal University of Technology, Akure. Five diets were formulated for the broiler chickens with the basal and proximate compositions as shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
|
Table 1. Gross composition of experimental diets |
|||||
|
CPM , % |
0 |
20 |
20 |
40 |
40 |
|
G2G, mg/kg |
0 |
100 |
200 |
100 |
200 |
|
Ingredients |
|||||
|
Maize |
58.2 |
46.6 |
46.6 |
34.9 |
34.9 |
|
Cassava plant meal |
- |
11.6 |
11.6 |
23.3 |
23.3 |
|
Soybean cake |
21.5 |
21.5 |
21.5 |
21.5 |
21.5 |
|
Groundnut cake |
11.0 |
11.0 |
11.0 |
11.0 |
11.0 |
|
Fish meal |
3.50 |
3.50 |
3.50 |
3.50 |
3.50 |
|
Bone meal |
2.00 |
2.00 |
2.00 |
2.00 |
2.00 |
|
Oyster shell |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
|
Premix |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
|
Methionine |
0.11 |
0.11 |
0.11 |
0.11 |
0.11 |
|
Lysine |
0.11 |
0.11 |
0.11 |
0.11 |
0.11 |
|
Salt |
0.30 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
|
Veg. oil |
2.50 |
2.50 |
2.50 |
2.50 |
2.50 |
|
Total |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
|
Calculated value, % |
|||||
|
Crude protein |
20.3 |
20.1 |
20.1 |
19.5 |
19.5 |
|
Crude fibre |
4.97 |
5.34 |
5.34 |
6.84 |
6.84 |
|
Calcium |
1.20 |
1.24 |
1.24 |
1.26 |
1.26 |
|
Av. P |
0.56 |
0.55 |
0.55 |
0.54 |
0.54 |
|
Lysine |
1.19 |
1.16 |
1.16 |
1.13 |
1.13 |
|
Methionine |
0.46 |
0.44 |
0.44 |
0.42 |
0.42 |
The experimental design was the completely randomized. Cassava plant was included at 0 (control), 20%-100 mg/kg roxazyme G2G, 20% -200 mg/kg roxazyme G2G, 40% -100 mg/kg roxazyme G2G and 40% -200 mg/kg roxazyme G2G.
A total of two hundred and fifty (250) day-old broiler chicks Marshal breed with average group weight ranging between 396 – 401 g were randomly distributed to each of the 5 diets. The chicks were fed their respective diets ad-libitum for a period of 56 days. Water was served at all times, and records of daily feed intake and group weight changes were taken every 7th day throughout the experimental period.
Feed intake was calculated as the difference between the feed given and the quantity of feed remaining after removing every foreign material in the feed.
It is measured thus: Feed intake FI = FG – Fr
Where
FG = Feed given; Fr = Feed remaining
Weight gain was calculated as the difference between the present weight and the weight for the preceding week.
Feed conversion ratio (feed : gain ratio). Average feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated using the below expression
Average FCR = Average feed intake (g)
Average weight gain (g)
Slauthering, Evisceration and Organ Measurement: At the end of the 56th day, 5 birds from each replicate were chosen at random from the total of 10 birds per replicate, weighed, starved overnight, weighed again, stunned, sacrificed and bled. The dressed birds were eviscerated. One hundred and twenty five (125) eviscerated carcasses at twenty five (25) per treatment were used for the carcass evaluation and organ weight determination. The weights of the organs were taken using the electric sensitive balance. The organs measured were heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, gizzard and the intestinal length. All the organs measured were expressed in g/kg while the dressed carcass and eviscerated weights were expressed in % body weight.
The cost evaluation of broiler chickens fed enzyme supplemented cassava plant meal-based diets were determined using the following economic tools. The cost of feed was calculated based on the prevailing market price of feed ingredients at the time of study.
1.
Cost of feed N/kg = Total cost of feed compounded (N)/Total
kg of the compounded feed
2.
Cost of weight gain = Cost of feed N/kg x Average feed
intake
3.
Cost of feed N/kg weight gain = Cost of feed N/kg x
Average feed intake
Average weight gain
4.
Cost differential = Cost of feed N/kg weight gain of control diet
– Cost of N/kg weight gain of the test diet
5.
RCB (%) = Cost of feed N/kg
weight gain of CD – Cost of feed N/kg weight gain of TD x 100
Cost of feed N/kg weight gain of the CD
CD = Control diet
TD = Test diet
RCB = Relative cost benefit
Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance procedure using SAS (2002) version 15 software. Where the differences were significant, the means were compared using the Duncan option of the same statistical software.
The proximate and anti nutritional compositions of cassava plant and experimental diets are presented in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. The proximate composition with the exception of crude protein and nitrogen free extract together with the anti nutritional properties are higher in CPM than the maize meal.
|
Table 2. Proximate composition of experimental diets (%) for broiler chickens |
||||||
|
CPM , % |
0 |
20 |
20 |
40 |
40 |
Cassava plant |
|
G2G, mg/kg |
0 |
100 |
200 |
100 |
200 |
|
|
Parameters |
||||||
|
Moisture content |
11.2 |
10.1 |
10.2 |
10.8 |
10.3 |
12.5 |
|
Dry matter |
88.8 |
89.9 |
89.8 |
89.7 |
89.7 |
87.5 |
|
Crude protein |
20.2 |
20.0 |
20.0 |
19.4 |
19.5 |
8.64 |
|
Crude fibre |
4.94 |
5.32 |
5.39 |
6.97 |
6.94 |
21.5 |
|
Ether extract |
4.22 |
4.28 |
4.31 |
4.89 |
4.92 |
4.89 |
|
Ash |
3.59 |
5.01 |
5.03 |
5.40 |
5.43 |
4.95 |
|
Nitrogen free extract |
55.9 |
55.3 |
55.1 |
53.0 |
52.9 |
47.5 |
|
Table 3. Anti-nutritional constituents of experimental diets for broiler chickens |
||||||
|
CPM , % |
0 |
20 |
20 |
40 |
40 |
Cassava plant |
|
G2G, mg/kg |
0 |
100 |
200 |
100 |
200 |
|
|
Phytochemical properties |
||||||
|
Cyanide CN,- mg/kg |
1.01 |
13.4 |
13.4 |
15.9 |
15.9 |
27.8 |
|
Tannin, mg/g |
0.06 |
0.07 |
0.07 |
0.08 |
0.08 |
0.10 |
|
Oxalate, mg/g |
0.26 |
0.33 |
0.33 |
0.37 |
0.37 |
0.54 |
|
Phytate, mg/g |
18.4 |
23.0 |
23.0 |
23.1 |
23.1 |
26.8 |
|
Phytate-P, mg/g |
5.03 |
6.27 |
6.29 |
6.31 |
6.31 |
7.33 |
|
Flavonoids, mg/100g |
0.45 |
0.48 |
0.49 |
0.52 |
0.51 |
0.64 |
Birds fed enzyme supplemented cassava plant meal (ESCPM) efficiently utilized their diets compared with those fed the control as evident in their higher (P< 0.05) final live weight (FLW), average weight gain (AWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (Table 4) showing an improvement by 8.01-16.3%, 8.30-16.7% and 10.4-18.4%, respectively. It is noteworthy to remark that birds on 100 mg/kg roxazyme G2G supplementation both at 20 and 40% CPM consistently recorded higher (P< 0.05) FLW, AWG and FCR compared with those on 200 mg/kg roxazyme G2G supplemented CPM. Feed intake (98.1-101 g/b/d) of birds fed control and ESCPM were similar.
|
Table 4. Performance of broiler chickens fed roxazyme G2G supplemented cassava plant meal |
|||||||
|
CPM , % |
0 |
20 |
20 |
40 |
40 |
SEM |
p |
|
G2G, mg/kg |
0 |
100 |
200 |
100 |
200 |
||
|
Performance indices |
|||||||
|
Initial weight, g/bird |
50.3 |
50.4 |
50.0 |
50.2 |
50.2 |
0.14 |
0.21 |
|
Final live body weight, g/bird |
2343c |
2800a |
2583b |
2670a |
2547b |
75.1 |
0.002 |
|
Average weight gain, g/bird/day |
40.9c |
49.1a |
45.2ab |
46.8a |
44.6b |
2.03 |
0.003 |
|
Average feed intake, g/bird/day |
99.9 |
101 |
98.6 |
98.1 |
99.8 |
1.93 |
0.23 |
|
Feed conversion ratio |
2.45c |
2.07a |
2.18b |
2.11a |
2.22b |
0.17 |
0.002 |
|
%Improvement in weight gain |
- |
16.7 |
9.51 |
12.6 |
8.30 |
||
|
%Improvement in FCR |
- |
18.4 |
12.4 |
16.1 |
10.4 |
||
|
abc Means without common superscripts along the same row are different at P< 0.05 |
|||||||
From the results of the carcass and organ description, the liver, kidney and gizzard weights were higher (P< 0.05) in birds fed ESCPM compared with those fed the control (Table 5). Numerically, birds on the control recorded the highest dressed and eviscerated weights, followed by those fed 20% CPM -100 mg/kg roxazyme G2G while birds on 40% CPM -200 mg/kg recorded the lowest dressed and eviscerated weights.
|
Table 5. Carcass evaluation (% body weight) and relative organ weights (g/kg body weight) of broiler chickens fed roxazyme G2G supplemented cassava plant meal |
|||||||
|
CPM , % |
0 |
20 |
20 |
40 |
40 |
SEM |
p |
|
G2G, mg/kg |
0 |
100 |
200 |
100 |
200 |
||
|
Carcass attribute |
|||||||
|
% of LW |
86.7 |
85.2 |
82.5 |
83.3 |
82.7 |
1.96 |
0.38 |
|
Relative organ weights, g/kg LW |
|||||||
|
Heart |
3.93 |
4.38 |
4.42 |
4.23 |
4.34 |
0.59 |
0.14 |
|
Lung |
5.70 |
5.63 |
5.26 |
5.51 |
5.47 |
0.12 |
0.09 |
|
Liver |
19.3b |
21.4a |
21.3a |
21.7a |
21.7a |
0.55 |
0.002 |
|
Spleen |
1.19 |
1.04 |
1.01 |
1.05 |
1.09 |
0.08 |
0.11 |
|
Kidney |
4.14b |
4.74a |
4.69a |
4.64a |
4.68a |
0.02 |
0.003 |
|
Gizzard |
18.9b |
20.1a |
20.0a |
20.3a |
20.5a |
0.67 |
0.002 |
|
Intestinal length, cm |
207 |
222 |
220 |
223 |
213 |
11.4 |
0.26 |
|
ab Means without common superscripts along the same row are different at P< 0.05 |
|||||||
Table 6 shows that
birds fed ESCPM recorded reduced (P< 0.05) cost of feed N/kg, cost of
weight gain and cost of feed N/kg weight gain compared with those fed the
control. Raising broiler chickens on ESCPM resulted to better saving between
N42.5 – 66.7/kg feed as evidenced in the cost differential and relative cost
benefit of 15.3-24.0%. The reduced feed cost N/kg weight gain could be
attributed to the better feed utilization and weight gain of birds fed ESCPM
compared with those on the control (Table 4).
|
Table 6. Cost analysis of broiler chickens fed roxazyme G2G supplemented cassava plant |
|||||||
|
CPM , % |
0 |
20 |
20 |
40 |
40 |
SEM |
p |
|
G2G, mg/kg |
0 |
100 |
200 |
100 |
200 |
||
|
Average weight gain, kg |
2.29c |
2.75a |
2.53ab |
2.62a |
2.50b |
0.10 |
0.003 |
|
Average feed consumed, kg |
5.60 |
5.66 |
5.53 |
5.49 |
5.59 |
0.07 |
0.46 |
|
Cost items |
|||||||
|
Cost of feed,
|
114a |
107b |
108b |
101c |
102c |
4.23 |
0.002 |
|
Cost of weight gain,
|
637a |
608b |
597b |
554c |
567c |
21.9 |
0.003 |
|
Cost of feed,
|
278a |
221c |
236b |
212cd |
227c |
16.8 |
0.003 |
|
Cost differential |
- |
57.2 |
42.5 |
66.7 |
51.4 |
||
|
Relative cost-benefit, % |
- |
20.6 |
15.3 |
24.0 |
18.5 |
||
|
abc Means without common superscripts along the same row are different at P< 0.05 |
|||||||
The result of the proximate composition of cassava plant with respect to crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre were higher than those reported for parboiled cassava peel (Eshiet and Ademosun 1976) and lye treated cassava peel (Oboh and Akindahunsi 2003; Oladunjoye and Ojebiyi 2010). The differences observed in these values could be the resultant effect of the treatment method, as gradual sun drying has been reported to enhance the feeding value of cassava wastes (Odukwe 1994; Cooke and Madnagwa 1998). The dietary inclusion of CPM up to 40% in broiler diets did not adversely alter the crude protein and other nutrients, as the nutrient density of the experimental diets fall within the value recommended for broiler production (NRC 1994). The level of anti-nutritional components, particularly hydrogen cyanide (27.8mg/kg) in this study was below the 30-50mg/kg reported by Oladunjoye and Ojebiyi (2010) in sun-dried and lye treated cassava peel. The low level of cyanide recorded in cassava plant used in this study could be attributed to the gradual process of sun drying (Odukwe 1994). The reduction in the cyanide level of the experimental diets could be due to the combined effects of vegetable oil, methionine and enzyme. Oil supplementation greatly reduced the rate of hydrolysis of cyanogenic glucosides to produce hydrogen cyanide (Fomunyan et al 1984) and methionine has been reported to help detoxify hydrogen cyanide through its transformation to the more innocuous thiocyanate (Tewe and Egbunike 1992; Tewe 1994; Tewe 1996) while exogenous enzymes have also been reported to aid the detoxification of anti-nutritional constituents (Bedford 1996).
The higher final live body weight, average weight gain and feed conversion ratio of broilers fed ESCPM could be a pointer to the role of fibre degrading enzyme in improving the nutritive value of high fibrous diets (Acamovic 2001; Anglelovicova et al 2005; Raza et al 2009). Higher weight gain and better fed conversion ratio had been reported in chickens (Ranade and Rajmane 1992) and rabbits (Ogunsipe 2014) fed enzyme supplemented diets. The similar feed intake and faster growth rate observed could have been occasioned by the role of xylanase or possibly β-glucanase in roxazyme G2G to disrupt the cell wall fractions in CPM as earlier reported by Oladunjoye and Ojebiyi (2010). Additionally xylanase supplementation had been reported to improve nutrient digestibility and energy metabolizability (Bedford and Morgan 1996).
Similar dressed and eviscerated weights in this study could be an indication of the quality and utilization of the various test diets as earlier reported by Obun et al (2008). The similar intestinal length conformed to the reports by Tada et al (2004) that cassava inclusion had no effect on the development of broilers intestine. The similar heart, lung and spleen weights of broiler chickens in this study suggest that dietary enzyme had no influence in these organ weights. However, higher physiological activity of the liver, kidney and gizzard of the experimental birds to the possible residual cyanide or other anti nutrients in CPM might have led to their higher weights.
Reduction in feed
cost N/kg, cost of weight gain
N, cost of feed N/kg weight gain and improved saving cost as
evidenced in the cost differential and relative cost benefit of ESCPM compared
with those fed on maize-based diets is a pointer to the potential of ESCPM as
possible replacement for maize in broiler production.
Conclusively, the
study revealed the nutritive potential of CPM supplemented with roxazyme G2G in
enhancing weight gain of broiler chickens. Broilers fed ESCPM showed reduced
cost of feed N/kg weight gain with better savings up to 40% CPM. Judging
from the result of this study, it could be concluded that incorporating CPM up
to 40% - 100 and 200 mg/kg roxazyme G2G supplementation for maize in broiler
diets is economically viable.
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Received 9 July 2015; Accepted 11 November 2015; Published 1 December 2015